Editing Cinchona (section)

=== Europe ===
Italian botanist [[Pietro Castelli]] wrote a pamphlet noteworthy as being the first Italian publication to mention the ''Cinchona'' species. By the 1630s (or 1640s, depending on the reference), the bark was being exported to Europe. In the late 1640s, the method of use of the bark was noted in the ''[[Schedula Romana]].'' The Royal Society of London published in its first year (1666) "An account of Dr. Sydenham's book, entitled, Methodus curandi febres . . ."<ref>''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'',1, 1210–1213 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rstl.1665.0092</ref>

English King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] called upon Robert Talbor, who had become famous for his miraculous malaria cure.<ref>See:
*  Paul Reiter (2000) "From Shakespeare to Defoe: Malaria in England in the Little Ice Age," ''Emerging Infectious Diseases'', '''6''' (1) :  1-11.  Available on-line at:  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627969/pdf/10653562.pdf National Center for Biotechnology Information].
*  Robert Talbor (1672) ''Pyretologia: a Rational Account of the Cause and Cures of Agues.''
*  Robert Talbor (1682)  ''The English Remedy: Talbor's Wonderful Secret for Curing of Agues and Feavers.''</ref> Because at that time the bark was in religious controversy, Talbor gave the king the bitter bark decoction in great secrecy. The treatment gave the king complete relief from the malaria fever. In return, Talbor was offered membership of the prestigious [[Royal College of Physicians]].<ref name="Thompson-1928">{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=C. J. S.|date=1928|title=The History and Lore of Cinchona|jstor=25331045|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=3547|pages=1188–1190|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.3547.1188|s2cid=220147336}}</ref>

In 1679, Talbor was called by the King of France, [[Louis XIV]], whose son was suffering from malarial fever. After a successful treatment, Talbor was rewarded by the king with 3,000 gold crowns and a lifetime pension for this prescription. Talbor was asked to keep the entire episode secret. After Talbor's death, the French king published this formula: seven grams of rose leaves, two ounces of lemon juice and a strong decoction of the cinchona bark served with wine. Wine was used because some alkaloids of the cinchona bark are not soluble in water, but are soluble in the ethanol in wine.<ref name="Thompson-1928" /> In 1681 ''[[Água de Inglaterra]]'' was introduced into Portugal from England by Dr. Fernando Mendes who, similarly, "received a handsome gift from ([[Peter II of Portugal|King Pedro]]) on condition that he should reveal to him the secret of its composition and withhold it from the public".<ref name="Augusto">{{cite journal |last1=D'Esaguy |first1=Augusto |title=Água de Inglaterra |journal=Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine |date=May 1936 |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=404–408 |jstor=44438162 }}</ref>

In 1738, ''Sur l'arbre du quinquina'', a paper written by [[Charles Marie de La Condamine]], lead member of the [[French Geodesic Mission|expedition, along with Pierre Godin and Louis Bouger]] that was sent to Ecuador to determine the length of a degree of the 1/4 of [[meridian arc]] in the neighbourhood of the [[equator]], was published by the [[French Academy of Sciences]]. In it he identified three separate species.<ref>{{cite book
| chapter-url=http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/usdisp/cinchona.html
| editor=Joseph P. Remington, Horatio C. Wood
| year=1918
| title=The Dispensatory of the United States of America
| chapter=Cinchona
}}</ref>