Editing Cicero (section)

==Exile and return==
In 60 BC, Julius Caesar invited Cicero to be the fourth member of his existing partnership with Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus, an assembly that would eventually be called the [[First Triumvirate]]. Cicero refused the invitation because he suspected it would undermine the Republic,<ref>Rawson, E.: ''Cicero'', 1984 106</ref> and because he was strongly opposed to anything unconstitutional that limited the powers of the consuls and replaced them with non-elected officials.

During Caesar's consulship of 59 BC, the triumvirate had achieved many of their goals of land reform, publicani debt forgiveness, ratification of Pompeian conquests, etc. With Caesar leaving for his provinces, they wished to maintain their hold on politics. They engineered the adoption of patrician [[Publius Clodius Pulcher]] into a plebeian family and had him elected as one of the ten [[tribunes of the plebs]] for 58 BC.{{Sfn|Wiedemann|1994|p=51}} Clodius used the triumvirate's backing to push through legislation that benefited them. He introduced several laws (the ''[[leges Clodiae]]'') that made him popular with the people, strengthening his power base, then he turned on Cicero. Clodius passed a law which made it illegal to offer "fire and water" (i.e. shelter or food) to anyone who executed a Roman citizen without a trial.  
Cicero, having executed members of the Catiline conspiracy four years previously without formal trial, was clearly the intended target.{{Sfn|Wiedemann|1994|p=50}} Furthermore, many believed that Clodius acted in concert with the triumvirate who feared that Cicero would seek to abolish many of Caesar's accomplishments while consul the year before. Cicero argued that the ''senatus consultum ultimum'' indemnified him from punishment, and he attempted to gain the support of the senators and consuls, especially of Pompey.<ref>Tom Holland, ''Rubicon'', pp. 237–239.</ref>

Cicero grew out his hair, dressed in mourning and toured the streets. Clodius' gangs dogged him, hurling abuse, stones and even excrement. Hortensius, trying to rally to his old rival's support, was almost lynched. The Senate and the consuls were cowed. Caesar, who was still encamped near Rome, was apologetic but said he could do nothing when Cicero brought himself to grovel in the proconsul's tent. Everyone seemed to have abandoned Cicero.<ref>Tom Holland, ''Rubicon'', pp. 238–239.</ref>

After Clodius passed a law to deny to Cicero fire and water (i.e. shelter) within four hundred miles of Rome, Cicero went into exile.{{Sfn|Wiedemann|1994|p=50}} He arrived at [[Thessalonica]], on 23 May 58&nbsp;BC.<ref>Haskell, H.J.: ''This was Cicero'', (1964) p. 200</ref><ref>Haskell, H.J.: ''This was Cicero'', (1964) p. 201</ref><ref>Plutarch. ''Cicero'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html#32 32] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131100133/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero%2A.html#32 |date=31 January 2024 }}</ref> In his absence, Clodius, who lived next door to Cicero on the Palatine, arranged for Cicero's house to be confiscated by the state, and was even able to purchase a part of the property in order to extend his own house.<ref name="cicero_house" /> After demolishing Cicero's house, Clodius had the land consecrated and symbolically erected a temple of Liberty (''aedes Libertatis'') on the vacant land.{{sfn|Everitt|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/cicerolifetimeso00ever/page/145 145]}}

Cicero's exile caused him to fall into depression. He wrote to Atticus: "Your pleas have prevented me from committing suicide. But what is there to live for? Don't blame me for complaining. My afflictions surpass any you ever heard of earlier".<ref>Haskell, H.J.: ''This was Cicero'' (1964) p. 201</ref> After the intervention of recently elected tribune [[Titus Annius Milo]], acting on the behalf of Pompey who wanted Cicero as a [[Patronage in ancient Rome|client]],{{Sfn|Wiedemann|1994|p=50}} the Senate voted in favor of recalling Cicero from exile. Clodius cast the single vote against the decree. Cicero returned to Italy on 5 August 57&nbsp;BC, landing at [[Brundisium]].<ref>Cicero, ''Samtliga brev/Collected letters'' (in a Swedish translation)</ref> He was greeted by a cheering crowd, and, to his delight, his beloved daughter Tullia.<ref>Haskell. H.J.: ''This was Cicero'', p. 204</ref> In his ''Oratio De Domo Sua Ad Pontifices'', Cicero convinced the [[College of Pontiffs]] to rule that the consecration of his land was invalid, thereby allowing him to regain his property and rebuild his house on the Palatine.{{sfn|Everitt|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/cicerolifetimeso00ever/page/165 165]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cicero |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0020:text%3DDom.:chapter%3D1 |title=De Domo Sua |publisher=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117035405/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0020%3Atext%3DDom.%3Achapter%3D1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cicero tried to re-enter politics as an independent operator,{{Sfn|Wiedemann|1994|p=50}} but his attempts to attack portions of Caesar's legislation were unsuccessful{{Sfn|Wiedemann|1994|p=51}} and encouraged Caesar to re-solidify his political alliance with Pompey and Crassus.{{Sfn|Wiedemann|1994|p=52}} The [[Lucca Conference|conference at Luca]] in 56&nbsp;BC left the three-man alliance in domination of the republic's politics; this forced Cicero to recant and support the triumvirate out of fear from being entirely excluded from public life.{{Sfn|Wiedemann|1994|p=53}} After the conference, Cicero lavishly praised Caesar's achievements, got the Senate to vote a thanksgiving for Caesar's victories, and grant money to pay his troops.{{sfn|Everitt|2001|p=281–283}} He also delivered a speech 'On the consular provinces' ({{Langx|la|de provinciis consularibus|lit=}}){{Sfn|Wiedemann|1994|p=53}} which checked an attempt by Caesar's enemies to strip him of his provinces in Gaul.<ref>John Leach, ''Pompey the Great'', p. 144.</ref> After this, a cowed Cicero concentrated on his literary works. It is uncertain whether he was directly involved in politics for the following few years.<ref>Grant, M: ''Cicero: Selected Works'', p. 67</ref> His legal work largely consisted of defending allies of the ruling {{Lang|la|triumvirs|italic=no}} and his own personal friends and allies; [[Pro Caelio|he defended]] his former pupil [[Marcus Caelius Rufus]] against a charge of murder in 56.{{Refn|{{cite book| last=Englert| first=Walter| year=2010| chapter=Cicero| editor-last=Gagarin| editor-first=Michael| title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome| publisher=Oxford University Press| place=Oxford| isbn=9780195388398| chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001/acref-9780195170726-e-253?rskey=R67z5t&result=6| access-date=2024-07-23| via=Oxford Reference| chapter-url-access=subscription}} On Caelius's case, see {{cite book| last=Berry| first=Dominic H.| year=2020| title=Cicero's Catilinarians| publisher=Oxford University Press| place=Oxford| isbn=9780195326468|page=xx}}.}} Under the influence of the triumvirs, he had also defended his former enemies [[Publius Vatinius]] (in August 54&nbsp;BC), [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC)|Marcus Aemilius Scaurus]] (between July and September) and Gnaeus Plancius (with the {{Lang|la|[[Pro Plancio]]}}) in September, which weakened his prestige and sparked attacks on his integrity: Luca Grillo has suggested these cases as the source of the poet [[Catullus]]'s double-edged comment that Cicero was "the best defender of anybody".{{Refn|{{cite journal| last=Grillo| first=Luca| year=2014| title=A Double ''Sermocinatio'' and a Resolved Dilemma in Cicero's ''Pro Plancio''| journal=The Classical Quarterly| volume=64| issue=1| eissn=1471-6844| page=215| doi=10.1017/S0009838813000669| jstor=26546296}}, quoting Catullus 49.7.}}