Editing Charles I of Anjou (section)

===Conradin===

{{See also|Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen}}

Charles was lenient with Manfred's supporters, but they did not believe that this conciliatory policy could last.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=56}} They knew that he had promised to return estates to the Guelph lords expelled from the Regno.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=56}} Neither could Charles gain the commoners' loyalty, partly because he continued enforcing the {{lang|lt|[[subventio generalis]]}} despite the popes declaring it an illegal charge.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=57}}{{sfn|Takayama|2004|p=77}} He introduced a ban on the use of foreign currency in large transactions and made a profit of the compulsory exchange of foreign coinage for locally minted currency.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|pp=163–164}} He also traded in grain, spices and sugar, through a joint venture with Pisan merchants.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=158}}

Pope Clement censured Charles for his methods of state administration, describing him as an arrogant and obstinate monarch.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=98}} The consolidation of Charles's power in northern Italy also alarmed Clement.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|pp=98–99}} To appease the Pope, Charles resigned his senatorship in May 1267.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=98}}{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=134}} His successors, [[Conrad Monaldeschi]] and [[Luca Savelli]], demanded the re-payment of the money that Charles and the Pope had borrowed from the Romans.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=98}}

Victories by the [[Ghibellines]], the imperial family's supporters, forced the Pope to ask Charles to send his troops to [[Tuscany]].{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=100}} Charles's troops ousted the Ghibellines from [[Florence]] in April 1267.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=100}} After being elected the {{Lang|it|[[Podestà]]|italic=no}} (ruler) of Florence and [[Lucca]] for seven years, Charles hurried to Tuscany.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=100}} Charles's expansionism along the [[Papal States]]' borders alarmed Pope Clement and he decided to change the direction of Charles's ambitions.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=134}} The Pope summoned him to [[Viterbo]], forcing him to promise that he would abandon all claims to Tuscany in three years.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|pp=100–101}} He persuaded Charles to [[Treaty of Viterbo|conclude agreements]] with [[William of Villehardouin]], Prince of Achaea, and the titular [[Latin emperor]]{{#tag:ref|The [[Latin Empire of Constantinople]] was established on the ruins of the [[Byzantine Empire]] during the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204. The [[emperors of Nicaea]], a Byzantine successor state, restored Greek rule on most territories lost to the Latin emperors during the following decades. The Latins also lost Constantinople to the Nicaeans in 1261.{{sfn|Lock|1995|pp=35–36}}|group=note}} [[Baldwin II, Latin Emperor|Baldwin II]] in late May.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|pp=89, 134}} According to the first treaty, Villehardouin acknowledged Charles's suzerainty and made Charles's younger son, [[Philip of Sicily|Philip]], his heir, also stipulating that Charles would inherit Achaea if Philip died childless.{{sfn|Fine|2009|p=168}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=114}} Baldwin confirmed the first agreement and renounced his claims to suzerainty over his vassals in favour of Charles.{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=114}}{{sfn|Fine|2009|p=170}} Charles pledged that he would assist Baldwin in recapturing Constantinople from the Byzantine emperor, [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]], in exchange for one third of the conquered lands.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|pp=94, 137}}{{sfn|Harris|2014|p=202}}

[[File:Enthauptung Konradins.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A young man who holds a sword above his head stands by an other young man who is kneeling.|Charles's sixteen-year-old enemy, [[Conradin]], is executed in Naples (1268).]]

Charles returned to Tuscany and laid siege to the fortress of Poggibonsi, but it did not fall until the end of November.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=101}} Manfred's staunchest supporters had meanwhile fled to Bavaria to attempt to persuade Conrad IV's 15-year-old son [[Conradin]] to assert his hereditary right to the Kingdom of Sicily.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=103}} After Conradin accepted their proposal, Manfred's former vicar in Sicily, [[Conrad Capece]], returned to the island and stirred up a revolt.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=103}} At Capece's request [[Muhammad I al-Mustansir]], the [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid caliph of Tunis]],{{sfn|Abulafia|2000|p=105}} allowed Manfred's former ally, [[Frederick of Castile]], to invade Sicily from North Africa.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|pp=99, 103}} Frederick's brother, [[Henry of Castile the Senator|Henry]]—who had been elected senator of Rome—also offered support to Conradin.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=103}}{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=87}} Henry had been Charles's friend, but Charles had failed to repay a loan to him.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=99}}

Conradin left Bavaria in September 1267.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=105}} His supporters' revolt was spreading from Sicily to Calabria; the Saracens of Lucera also rose up.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=105}}{{sfn|Metcalfe|2009|p=292}} Pope Clement urged Charles to return to the Regno, but he continued his campaign in Tuscany until March 1268, when he met with the Pope.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=105}} In April, the Pope made Charles [[imperial vicar]] of Tuscany "during the vacancy of the empire", a move of dubious legality.{{sfn|Partner|1972|pp=270, 272}}{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=135}} Charles marched to southern Italy and laid siege to Lucera, but he then had to hurry north to prevent Conradin's invasion of [[Abruzzo]] in late August.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=109}} At the [[Battle of Tagliacozzo]], on 23{{nbs}}August 1268, it appeared that Conradin had won the day, but a sudden charge by Charles's reserve routed Conradin's army.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=109}}

The burghers of [[Potenza]], [[Aversa]] and other towns in [[Basilicata]] and Apulia massacred their fellows who had agitated on Conradin's behalf, but the Sicilians and the Saracens of Lucera did not surrender.{{sfn|Housley|1982|p=19}}{{sfn|Runciman|1958|pp=118, 124}} Charles marched to Rome where he was again elected senator in September.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=118}} He appointed new officials to administer justice and collect state revenues.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=118}} New coins bearing his name were struck.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=118}} During the following decade, Rome was ruled by Charles's vicars, each appointed for one year.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=118}}

Conradin was captured at [[Torre Astura]].{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=114}} Most of his retainers were summarily executed, but Conradin and his friend, [[Frederick I, Margrave of Baden]], were brought to trial for robbery and treason in Naples.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|pp=114–115}} They were sentenced to death and beheaded on 29{{nbsp}}October.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=115}} [[Conrad of Antioch]] was Conradin's only partisan to be released, but only after his wife threatened to execute the Guelph lords she held captive in her castle.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=114}} The Ghibelline noblemen of the Regno fled to the court of [[Peter III of Aragon]], who had married Manfred's daughter [[Constance II of Sicily|Constance]].{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=99}}