Editing Charles Edward Stuart (section)

===Culloden and return to France: 1746===

Government forces caught up with Charles and his army at the ensuing [[Battle of Culloden]] on 16 April.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battle of Culloden (showing Duke of Cumberland)|url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/44954|access-date=2021-11-08|website=National Galleries of Scotland|language=en}}</ref> Charles ignored the advice of his subordinate [[Lord George Murray (general)|Lord George Murray]] and chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground, where his forces were exposed to superior firepower from government troops.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=160}} To ensure his safety, his officers requested that Charles command his army from behind the front lines, preventing him from gaining a clear view of the battlefield.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=162}} He hoped that Cumberland's army would attack first, and he had his men stand exposed to the accurate fire from government artillery batteries.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=162}} Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered an attack, but his messenger was killed before the order could be delivered.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=162}} The Jacobite attack was uncoordinated, charging into withering musket fire and [[grapeshot]] fired from the cannons, and it met with little success.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=163}} In the centre, the Jacobites reached the first line of government troops, but a second line of soldiers eventually repulsed this attack.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=162}} The remaining Jacobite survivors in the front line fled.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=163}} However, the [[Jacobite Army (1745)|Jacobite Army]] units fighting on the north-eastern side of the battlefield, as well as Irish and Scots regulars in the second line, retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards.{{sfn|Riding|2016|p=427}} 
[[File:Lochaber No More.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|'Lochaber No More – Prince Charlie leaving Scotland', an 1863 painting by the artist John Blake MacDonald]]
After the defeat, Murray led a group of Jacobites to [[Ruthven Barracks|Ruthven]], intending to continue the fight.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=165}} Charles thought he was betrayed but abandoned the Jacobite cause.{{efn|name=chevalier|A first-hand account of these events is given by James, the [[Chevalier de Johnstone]] in his "Memoir of the Rebellion 1745–1746".}} Some 20 miles from the battlefield, Charles rested briefly at Gorthleck, the home of his dubious supporter [[Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat|Lord Lovat]], before retreating to Invergarry Castle, by way of [[Fort Augustus]], on 16 April.{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=201}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blaikie|first=W B|title=Prince Charles Edward Stuart Itinerary and Map (Supplement to the Lyon in Mourning)|url=https://digital.nls.uk/scottish-history-society-publications/browse/archive/128310532#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=9&xywh=-252%2C63%2C2213%2C2675|journal=Scottish History Society|volume=XXIII 1897|pages=46|via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref> Charles then hid in the moors of the Highlands of Scotland, before making a flight to the [[Hebrides]], always barely ahead of the government forces.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=170}} Many Highlanders aided him during his escape, and none betrayed him for the £30,000 reward.{{sfn|McLynn|1988|page=239}}<ref>Michael Hook and Walter Ross, ''The 'Forty-Five. The Last Jacobite Rebellion'' (Edinburgh: HMSO, The National Library of Scotland, 1995), p. 27</ref> While Charles was in the Hebrides, funds had arrived from Spain and France on two ships that called at [[Lochaber]].{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=216-217}} Too late to assist Charles following Culloden, only the Spanish gold was landed, but much of it was [[Loch Arkaig treasure|lost]].{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=216-217}}

Charles was assisted by supporters such as the [[Maritime pilot|pilot]] Donald Macleod of Galtrigill and Captain Con O'Neill, who took him to Benbecula.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Sir Bernard|title=A Selection of Arms Authorised by the Laws of Heraldry|page=113}}</ref> From 16 April until 28 June, Charles travelled through [[Benbecula]], [[South Uist]], [[North Uist]], [[Harris, Outer Hebrides|Harris]], and the [[Isle of Lewis]].{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=169}} On 28 June, Charles was aided by [[Flora MacDonald]], who helped him sail to the [[Isle of Skye]] by taking him in a boat disguised as her maid "Betty Burke".{{sfn|McLynn|1988|page=233}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=41412005 |title=Charles Edward Stewart: The Young Pretender |work=The Scotsman |location=UK |access-date=5 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125171447/http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=41412005 |archive-date=25 November 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.highlanderweb.co.uk/wallace/bonnie.htm Queen Anne and the 1707 Act of Union] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214072923/http://www.highlanderweb.co.uk/wallace/bonnie.htm |date=14 February 2007 }} ALBA – The Escape of the Young Pretender</ref> Charles remained on Skye until July when he then crossed back to the mainland.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=169}} With the aid of a few loyal servants and local supporters, Charles hid from government forces in the western [[Grampian Mountains]] for several weeks.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=192}} He ultimately evaded capture, and on 19 September, he left the country aboard the French frigate ''L'Heureux'', commanded by [[Richard Warren (Jacobite)|Richard Warren]].{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=196}}{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=226}} The [[Prince's Cairn]] marks the traditional spot on the shores of [[Sound of Arisaig|Loch nan Uamh]] in [[Lochaber]] from which he made his final departure from Scotland.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=196}}