Editing Champa (section)

===Formation and growth===
[[File:尖城_Chamcia_-_Couple_from_Champa_-_Boxer_Codex_(1590).jpg|thumb|238x238px|Depiction of a couple of highland man and Cham lady in the [[Boxer Codex]] from 1590]]
[[File:Pottery vase Sa Huynh Culture.JPG|thumb|222px|right|Pottery vase of the [[Sa Huỳnh culture]], 1000 BCE. The [[Sa Huỳnh culture|Sa Huỳnh people]] were the prehistoric ancestors of all Chamic peoples.]]
The [[Chams]] descended from seafaring settlers who reached the Southeast Asian mainland from [[Borneo]] about the time of the [[Sa Huỳnh culture]] between 1000 BCE and 200 CE, the predecessor of the Cham kingdom.{{sfn|Higham|2014|p=317}} The [[Cham language]] is part of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family. According to one study, Cham is related most closely to modern [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] in northern Sumatra.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBGYb84A7SAC&q=Cham+kelantanese&pg=PA25|title=From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects|access-date=28 December 2014|isbn=9780824821319|last1=Thurgood|first1=Graham|year=1999|publisher=University of Hawaii Press }}</ref>

The [[Sa Huỳnh culture]] was an Austronesian seafaring culture that centered around present-day [[Central Vietnam]] coastal region. During its heyday, the culture distributed across the Central Vietnam coast and had commercial links across the South China Sea with the Philippine archipelago and even with [[Taiwan]] (through [[Philippine jade culture|Maritime Jade Road]], [[Kalanay Cave|Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere]]), which now most archaeologists and scholars have consentient determined and are no longer hesitant in linking with the ancestors of the Austronesian [[Cham people|Cham]] and [[Chamic]]-speaking peoples.{{sfn|Tran|Lockhart|2011|p=26}}

While [[Northern Vietnam]] [[Kinh]] people assimilated Han Chinese immigrants into their population, have a [[sinicized]] culture, [[Cham people]] carry the patrilineal R-M17 haplogroup of [[South Asian]] Indian origin from South Asian merchants spreading Hinduism to Champa and marrying Cham females since Chams have no [[matrilineal]] South Asian [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]], and this fits with the [[matrilocal]] structure of Cham families.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Jun-Dong |last2=Peng |first2=Min-Sheng |last3=Quang |first3=Huy Ho |last4=Dang |first4=Khoa Pham |last5=Trieu |first5=An Vu |last6=Wu |first6=Shi-Fang |last7=Jin |first7=Jie-Qiong |last8=Murphy |first8=Robert W. |last9=Yao |first9=Yong-Gang |last10=Zhang |first10=Ya-Ping |editor1-last=Kayser |editor1-first=Manfred |title=Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PLOS ONE |date=7 May 2012 |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=e36437 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036437 |pmid=22586471 |pmc=3346718 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...736437H |doi-access=free }}</ref> And compared to other Vietnamese ethnic groups, the Cham do not share ancestry with southern Han Chinese, along with Austronesian-speaking Mang.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Dang |last2=Nguyen |first2=Thuy Duong |last3=Nguyen |first3=Dang Ton |last4=Nguyen |first4=Van Phong |last5=Pakendorf |first5=Brigitte |last6=Nong |first6=Van Hai |last7=Stoneking |first7=Mark |title=Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=28 April 2020 |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2503–2519 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa099 |pmid=32344428 |pmc=7475039 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Champa was known to the Chinese as 林邑 ''[[Lâm Ấp|Linyi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Champa-ancient-kingdom-Indochina|title=Champa – ancient kingdom, Indochina|date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> in Mandarin, ''Lam Yap'' in Cantonese and to the Vietnamese, ''Lâm Ấp'' (which is the [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese]] pronunciation of 林邑). The state of Champa was founded in 192 CE by [[Khu Liên]] (Ou Lian), an official of the [[Han dynasty#Eastern Han|Eastern Han dynasty]] of China in [[Tượng Lâm|Xianglin]] who rebelled against Chinese rule in 192.<ref name="Taus-Bolstad2003">{{cite book|author=Stacy Taus-Bolstad|title=Vietnam in Pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3U014Ik_cvAC&pg=PA20|year=2003|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-4678-8|pages=20–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haywood|first1=John|last2=Jotischky|first2=Andrew|last3=McGlynn|first3=Sean|title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQMUNgAACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-0-7607-1976-3|page=3.31}}</ref><ref group=note>Historians like Vickery criticize the use of Chinese and Vietnamese sources uncritically in reconstructing the history of Champa.</ref>

[[File:Po Nagar temple Cham inscription.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Epigraph of king [[Jaya Paramesvaravarman II]] (r. 1220–1254), the liberator of Champa from Khmer rule.|left]]
Around the 4th century CE, Cham polities began to absorb much of [[Indianised Kingdom|Indic influences]], probably through its neighbor, [[Funan Kingdom|Funan]]. [[Hinduism]] was established as Champa began to create Sanskrit stone inscriptions and erect red brick [[Hindu temple]]s. The first king acknowledged in the inscriptions is [[Bhadravarman I|Bhadravarman]],{{sfn|Vickery|2011|p=378}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.eb.com/topic/105118|title=Britannica Academic|website=m.eb.com}}</ref><ref name="britencyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Champa-ancient-kingdom-Indochina |title=Champa |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621232356/https://www.britannica.com/place/Champa-ancient-kingdom-Indochina |archive-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> who reigned from 380 to 413 CE.{{sfn|Cœdès|1968|p=48}} At [[Mỹ Sơn]], King Bhadravarman established a linga called Bhadresvara,{{sfn|Higham|2014|p=324}} whose name was a combination of the king's own name and that of the [[Hindu]] god of gods [[Shiva]].{{sfn|Ngô|2002|p=31}} The worship of the original god-king under the name Bhadresvara and other names continued through the centuries that followed.{{sfn|Cœdès|1968|p=49}}{{sfn|Ngô|2002|pp=38–39}}{{sfn|Ngô|2005|pp=55ff}}

Being famously known as skillful sailors and navigators, as early as the 5th century CE, the Cham might have reached India by themselves. King [[Gangaraja]] (r. 413–?) of Champa was perhaps the only known Southeast Asian ruler who traveled all the way to India shortly after his abdication. He personally went on pilgrimage in the [[Ganges River]], [[Northeast India]]. His itinerary was confirmed by both indigenous Cham sources and Chinese chronicles.{{sfn|Cœdès|1968|p=57}}{{sfn|Nakamura|2020|p=19}} [[George Coedès]] notes that during the 2nd and 3rd century, an influx of Indian traders, priests, and scholars travelled along the early East Asia–South Asian subcontinent maritime route, could have visited and made communications with local Chamic communities along the coast of Central Vietnam. They played some roles in disseminating Indian culture and Buddhism. But that was not sustained and decisive as active "Indianized native societies," he argues, or Southeast Asian kingdoms that had already been "Indianized" like Funan, were the key factors of the process.{{sfn|Nakamura|2020|pp=19–20}} On the other hand, [[Paul Mus]] suggests the reason for the peaceful acceptance of Hinduism by the Cham elite was likely related to the tropical [[monsoon]] climate background shared by areas like the [[Bay of Bengal]], coastal [[mainland Southeast Asia]] all the way from Myanmar to Vietnam. Monsoon societies tended to practice [[animism]], most importantly, the creed of earth spirit. To the early Southeast Asian peoples, [[Hinduism]] was somewhat similar to their original beliefs. This resulted in peaceful conversions to Hinduism and Buddhism in Champa with little resistance.{{sfn|Nakamura|2020|p=21}}

[[Rudravarman I]] of Champa (r. 529–572), a descendant of Gangaraja through maternal line, became king of Champa in 529 CE. During his reign, the temple complex of Bhadresvara was destroyed by a great fire in 535/536. He was succeeded by his son [[Sambhuvarman]] (r. 572–629). He reconstructed the temple of Bhadravarman and renamed it Shambhu-bhadreshvara. In 605, the [[Sui Empire]] launched an [[Sui–Lâm Ấp war|invasion]] of [[Lam Ap]], overrunning Sambhuvarman's resistance, and sacked the Cham capital at [[Tra Kieu]].{{sfn|Cœdès|1968|pp=70–71}} He died in 629 and was succeeded by his son, [[Kandarpadharma]], who died in 630–31. Kandarpadharma was succeeded by his son, [[Prabhasadharma]], who died in 645.{{sfn|Cœdès|1968|pp=77–78}}