Editing Cell division (section)

=== Anaphase ===
[[Anaphase]] is a very short stage of the cell cycle and it occurs after the chromosomes align at the mitotic plate. Kinetochores emit anaphase-inhibition signals until their attachment to the mitotic spindle. Once the final chromosome is properly aligned and attached the final signal dissipates and triggers the abrupt shift to anaphase.<ref name=":3" /> This abrupt shift is caused by the activation of the [[anaphase-promoting complex]] and its function of tagging degradation of proteins important toward the metaphase-anaphase transition. One of these proteins that is broken down is [[securin]] which through its breakdown releases the enzyme [[separase]] that cleaves the cohesin rings holding together the sister chromatids thereby leading to the chromosomes separating.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Brooker AS, Berkowitz KM | title = Cell Cycle Control | chapter = The Roles of Cohesins in Mitosis, Meiosis, and Human Health and Disease | series = Methods in Molecular Biology | volume = 1170 | pages = 229–66 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24906316 | pmc = 4495907 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-0888-2_11 | publisher = Springer | location = New York | isbn = 9781493908875 }}</ref> After the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, the spindle fibers will pull them apart. The chromosomes are split apart while the sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biology-pages.info/C/CellCycle.html|title=The Cell Cycle|website=www.biology-pages.info|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref> As the sister chromatids are being pulled apart, the cell and plasma are elongated by non-kinetochore microtubules.<ref>{{cite book |title=Campbell Biology in Focus | location = Boston (Massachusetts) | publisher = Pearson | isbn = 978-0-321-81380-0 | date = 2014 | vauthors = Urry LA, Cain ML, Jackson RB, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Reece JB }}</ref> Additionally, in this phase, the activation of the anaphase promoting complex through the association with [[CDH1 (gene)|Cdh-1]] begins the degradation of mitotic cyclins.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barford |first=David |date=2011-12-12 |title=Structural insights into anaphase-promoting complex function and mechanism |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=366 |issue=1584 |pages=3605–3624 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2011.0069 |pmid=22084387|pmc=3203452 }}</ref>