Editing Cavitation (section)

===Biomedical===
Cavitation plays an important role for the destruction of [[kidney stone]]s in [[extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy|shock wave lithotripsy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|pmc = 2442573|year = 2003|last1 = Pishchalnikov|first1 = Y. A|title = Cavitation Bubble Cluster Activity in the Breakage of Kidney Stones by Lithotripter Shock Waves|journal = Journal of Endourology|volume = 17|issue = 7|pages = 435–446|last2 = Sapozhnikov|first2 = O. A|last3 = Bailey|first3 = M. R|last4 = Williams Jr|first4 = J. C|last5 = Cleveland|first5 = R. O|last6 = Colonius|first6 = T|last7 = Crum|first7 = L. A|last8 = Evan|first8 = A. P|last9 = McAteer|first9 = J. A|pmid = 14565872|doi = 10.1089/089277903769013568}}</ref> Currently, tests are being conducted as to whether cavitation can be used to transfer large molecules into biological [[cell (biology)|cell]]s ([[sonoporation]]). Nitrogen cavitation is a method used in research to [[lysis|lyse]] cell membranes while leaving organelles intact.

Cavitation plays a key role in non-thermal, non-invasive fractionation of tissue for treatment of a variety of diseases<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.histotripsy.umich.edu/| title = University of Michigan. ''Therapeutic Ultrasound Group, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan''.}}</ref> and can be used to open the [[Blood–brain barrier|blood-brain barrier]] to increase uptake of neurological drugs in the brain.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/srep33264| pmid=27630037| pmc=5024096| title=Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening: Association with Mechanical Index and Cavitation Index Analyzed by Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic-Resonance Imaging| journal=Scientific Reports| volume=6| pages=33264| year=2016| last1=Chu| first1=Po-Chun| last2=Chai| first2=Wen-Yen| last3=Tsai| first3=Chih-Hung| last4=Kang| first4=Shih-Tsung| last5=Yeh| first5=Chih-Kuang| last6=Liu| first6=Hao-Li| bibcode=2016NatSR...633264C}}</ref>

Cavitation also plays a role in [[HIFU]], a thermal non-invasive treatment methodology for [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rabkin|first1=Brian A.|last2=Zderic|first2=Vesna|last3=Vaezy|first3=Shahram|date=2005-07-01 |title=Hyperecho in ultrasound images of HIFU therapy: Involvement of cavitation|journal=Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology|volume=31|issue=7|pages=947–956|doi=10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.03.015|issn=0301-5629|pmid=15972200}}</ref>

In wounds caused by high velocity impacts (like for example bullet wounds) there are also effects due to cavitation. The exact wounding mechanisms are not completely understood yet as there is temporary cavitation, and permanent cavitation together with crushing, tearing and stretching. Also the high variance in density within the body makes it hard to determine its effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stefanopoulos |first1=Panagiotis K.|last2=Mikros |first2=George|last3=Pinialidis|first3=Dionisios E.|last4=Oikonomakis |first4=Ioannis N.|last5=Tsiatis|first5=Nikolaos E.|last6=Janzon|first6=Bo|date=2009-09-01|title=Wound ballistics of military rifle bullets: An update on controversial issues and associated misconceptions |journal=The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery|volume=87|issue=3|pages=690–698|pmid=30939579 |s2cid=92996795|doi=10.1097/TA.0000000000002290}}</ref>

Ultrasound sometimes is used to increase bone formation, for instance in post-surgical applications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.physiomontreal.com/Ultrasound.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030309225204/http://www.physiomontreal.com/Ultrasound.pdf |archive-date=2003-03-09 |url-status=live|title=Physio Montreal Article "Ultrasound"}}</ref>

It has been suggested that the sound of [[cracking joints|"cracking" knuckles]] derives from the collapse of cavitation in the [[synovial fluid]] within the joint.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Unsworth|first=A|author2=Dowson, D|author3=Wright, V|title='Cracking joints'. A bioengineering study of cavitation in the metacarpophalangeal joint|journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases|date=July 1971|volume=30|issue=4|pages=348–58|pmid=5557778|doi=10.1136/ard.30.4.348|pmc=1005793}}</ref>

Cavitation can also form [[Ozone micro-nanobubbles]] which shows promise in dental applications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hauser-Gerspach |first1=Irmgard |last2=Vadaszan |first2=Jasminka |last3=Deronjic |first3=Irma |last4=Gass |first4=Catiana |last5=Meyer |first5=Jürg |last6=Dard |first6=Michel |last7=Waltimo |first7=Tuomas |last8=Stübinger |first8=Stefan |last9=Mauth |first9=Corinna |date=2011-08-13 |title=Influence of gaseous ozone in peri-implantitis: bactericidal efficacy and cellular response. An in vitro study using titanium and zirconia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-011-0603-2 |journal=Clinical Oral Investigations |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1049–1059 |doi=10.1007/s00784-011-0603-2 |pmid=21842144 |s2cid=10747305 |issn=1432-6981}}</ref>