Editing Casimir Pulaski (section)

===Exhumation and analysis of remains===
In 1853, remains found on a bluff above Augustine Creek on Greenwich Plantation were believed to be the general's. These bones were reinterred at the Casimir Pulaski Monument in Savannah, Georgia. They were exhumed in 1996 and examined during a forensic study.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pula|first1=James S.|title=Whose Bones Are Those?: The Casimir Pulaski Burial Controversy|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly|date=2016|volume=100|issue=1|page=68}}</ref> The eight-year examination, including DNA analysis, ended inconclusively, although the skeleton was consistent with Pulaski's age and occupation. A healed wound on the skull's forehead was consistent with historical records of an injury Pulaski sustained in battle, as was a bone defect on the left cheekbone, believed to have been caused by a benign tumor.<ref name="burial2">[[#Mystery|The Pulaski Mystery, 2008]]</ref> In 2005, the remains were reinterred in a public ceremony with full [[military funeral|military honors]], including Pulaski's induction into the Georgia Military Hall of Fame.<ref name="Pulaski's Grand Burial in Savannah" />

A later study funded by the [[Smithsonian Institution]], the results of which were released in 2019, concluded from the [[Mitochondrial DNA (human)|mitochondrial DNA]] of his grandniece, known injuries, and physical characteristics, that the skeleton was likely Pulaski's.<ref>Glenza, Jessica (April 6, 2019) [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/06/casimir-pulaski-polish-general-woman-intersex Polish general who fought with Washington may have been a woman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407064202/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/06/casimir-pulaski-polish-general-woman-intersex |date=April 7, 2019 }} in [[The Guardian]]. Retrieved April 7, 2019</ref> The skeleton has a number of typically female features, which has led to the hypothesis that Pulaski may have been female or [[intersex]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Virginia Hutton Estabrook, Melissa A Powell|url=https://aaa.confex.com/aaa/2016/webprogram/Paper54695.html|title=The Female Pelvis of Casimir Pulaski: Misidentified Skeleton or Intersex War Hero?|publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]]|date=November 18, 2016|access-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130071503/https://aaa.confex.com/aaa/2016/webprogram/Paper54695.html|archive-date=November 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Mary Landers |url=https://www.savannahnow.com/article/20160303/NEWS/303039761 |title=A tale of two Pulaskis: Savannah to celebrate historic general's birthday |newspaper=[[Savannah Morning News]] |date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404172344/https://www.savannahnow.com/article/20160303/NEWS/303039761 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Siemaszko |first1=Corky |title=Revolutionary War hero Casimir Pulaski might have been a woman or intersex |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/revolutionary-war-hero-casimir-pulaski-might-have-been-woman-or-n991371 |website=NBC News |access-date=April 6, 2019 |date=April 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406010732/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/revolutionary-war-hero-casimir-pulaski-might-have-been-woman-or-n991371 |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> A documentary based on the Smithsonian study suggests that Pulaski's hypothesized intersex condition could have been caused by [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]], where a fetus with [[XY sex-determination system|female chromosomes]] is exposed to a high level of [[testosterone]] in utero and develops partially male genitals. This analysis was based on the skeleton's female pelvis, facial structure and jaw angle, in combination with the fact that Pulaski identified as and lived as male.<ref name="burial2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title='It's a woman. It's not Pulaski.': New documentary argues Revolutionary War hero was intersex|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-life-casimir-pulaski-intersex-040319-story.html|last=Schoenberg|first=Nara|website=chicagotribune.com|date=April 3, 2019 |access-date=May 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102160348/https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-life-casimir-pulaski-intersex-040319-story.html|archive-date=November 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, there is no conclusive argument or evidence that Pulaski was intersex.<ref>Spotting, E., & Inc, C. A. (2020). ''[https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1909&context=inkwell Changing Perspectives]''. Georgia Southern University.</ref> The question remains unsettled due to the limited understanding of how an intersex condition might be revealed in the analysis of a skeleton.<ref>Race, S. G. K. (2019). ''[https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1273&context=inkwell Anthropology Professor Investigates Remains of General Pulaski]''. Georgia Southern University.</ref> There is no way to prove that Pulaski was born intersex without a [[Genetic testing|DNA test]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Viloria |first1=Hida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qoq5DwAAQBAJ |title=The Spectrum of Sex: The Science of Male, Female, and Intersex |last2=Nieto |first2=Maria |date=2020 |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-78775-266-5 |pages=66}}</ref>{{efn|name=c|The DNA needed to verify biological sex and intersex variance is usually not available from skeletal remains, due to degradation.<ref name=":0" />}}

In 2022, in a scholarly article, a Polish-American academic historian published a detailed account of the relevant primary sources and recounted a significant number of evidentiary problems with the historical sources and DNA evidence on which the Smithsonian documentary relied. This study suggested that the bones that led to the "intersex" conclusion were in fact not the bones of Pulaski.<ref>James S. Pula, "Pulaski at Savannah: A Journey through Fact and Fiction," ''The Polish Review'' Vol. 67, No. 4, 2022.</ref>