Editing Carillon (section)

===Origins===
[[File:Cantigas de Santa Maria, Musician's Codex, page Bl-2 169R cropped.jpg|thumb|200px|right|1280 A.D., Spain. Bells in the Cantigas de Santa Maria. Stylistic image showing bells hung from church arches.]]
The carillon originated from two earlier functions of bells: ringing bells to send messages and ringing bells to indicate the time of day.

Starting about the 9th century A.D., sets of bells called [[cymbala]] were hung from a horizontal rod in sets that were arranged by pitch.<ref name=MarcuseBell_chime>{{cite book |first=Sibyl |last=Marcuse |title=A Survey of Musical Instruments |publisher=Harper & Row |place=New York |date=1975 |entry= Bell chime|page=50}}</ref> These were hammer struck at first, and was depicted in medieval miniatures in sets of between 4 and 15 bells.<ref name=MarcuseBell_chime/> One miniature from the Cantigas de Santa Maria provides a picture of changing technology to wring the bells, a bell table with a mechanism to set wring bells from the inside, instead of using a hammer.<ref name=MarcuseBell_chime/>

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File:Refectory Bell, German, 13th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Cloister's Collection 2014.jpg|13th-century refectory bell, used to announce time in a monastery.<ref>{{cite web |website=Metropolitan Museum of Art |title=Refectory Bell |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/640179 |quote= TINNIO PRANSVRIS CENATVRIS BIBITVRIS (“I ring for breakfast, dinner, and drinks”)}}</ref>
File:Roma, Bibl. Apostolica Vaticana, Pal. lat. 39, f. 44v sharpened cropped.jpg|Circa 1050, Germany. Handheld bell set in the Heidelberg Psalter.
File:Kind David tuning harp while musicians play bells, detail from Glasgow University Library MS Hunter 229 (U.3.2), folio 21V.jpg|Circa 1170 A.D., England. Wracks of hammer struck bells, Hunterian Psalter
File:Cantigas - Bell player.jpg|Circa 1280 A.D., Spain. Bell table in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.
File:Clavichord, bells and psaltery by Perinetto da Benevento.jpg|Circa 1438, Italy. Bell set in the Cappella Caracciolo del Sole della chiesa di San Giovanni a Carbonara di Napoli

</gallery>
Bellringers attached ropes to the clappers of [[swinging bell]]s and rung them while stationary in a technique called chiming. Chiming bells gave the ringer more control compared to swinging bells, and so was used to send messages to those within earshot. For example, sounding bells was often used to warn of a fire or impending attack. At celebratory events, a bellringer could gather ropes together to chime multiple bells in rhythmic patterns.{{sfn|Rombouts|2014|pp=40–42}} By the end of the 15th century, chimers are recorded to have used their technique to play music on bells. A 1478 [[chronicle]] recounts a man in [[Dunkirk]] having made a "great innovation in honor of God" by playing melodies on bells. Another recounts in 1482 a [[jester]] from [[Aalst, Belgium|Aalst]] playing bells in [[Antwerp]] with ropes and batons, the latter term suggesting the existence of a keyboard.{{sfn|Rombouts|2014|p=59}}

[[File:Earliest Carillonneur Picture.png|thumb|left|alt=Drawing of a man playing a carillon.|Oldest known depiction of a person playing a carillon, from ''De Campanis Commentarius'' (1612) by [[Angelo Rocca]]{{sfn|Rombouts|2014|p=76}}]]

In the 13th century, Europeans began to build "mechanized chimes."<ref name=MarcuseBell_chime/> In the 14th century, the newly developed [[escapement]] technology for [[mechanical clock]]s spread throughout European [[clock tower]]s and gradually replaced the [[water clock]].{{sfn|Rombouts|2014|pp=49, 52–53}} Since the earliest clocks lacked [[Clock face|faces]], they announced the time by striking a bell a number of times corresponding to the current hour. Eventually, these [[striking clock]]s were modified to make a warning signal just before the hour count to draw the attention of listeners to the incoming announcement. This signal is called the forestrike ({{langx|nl|voorslag|links=no}}).{{sfnm|Rombouts|2014|1p=54|Gouwens|2013|2p=15}} Originally the forestrike consisted of striking one or two bells, and the systems slowly grew in complexity. By the middle of the 15th century, forestrikes, with three to seven bells, could [[Clock chime|play simple melodies]].{{sfn|Rombouts|2014|pp=54–55}}

As late as 1510, these two functions were combined into one primitive carillon in the [[Oudenaarde Town Hall]]. One set of nine bells were connected to both a keyboard and to the clock's forestrike.{{sfnm|Rombouts|2014|1pp=60–61|Gouwens|2013|2p=16}} The [[Low Countries]]—present day Belgium, the Netherlands, and the [[French Netherlands]]—were most interested in the potential of using bells to make music. In this region, [[bellfounding]] had reached an advanced stage relative to other regions in Europe.{{sfn|"Carillon." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''}} A control was developed in the 14th century in Low Countries, technology which allowed large chimes in towers to controlled by the musician's footstep on a pedalboard (attached to "clockwork"), ringing the bells with a hammer on the outside of the bell.<ref name=MarcuseBell_chime/>