Editing Cairo (section)

===Modern era===
{{Further|History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty|History of modern Egypt}}
[[File:Georg Macco Kairo.jpg|thumb|right|Cairo in the late 19th century, [[Georg Macco]] (1863–1933), oil on canvas.]]

Until his death in 1848, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] instituted a number of social and economic reforms that earned him the title of founder of modern Egypt.{{sfn|Afaf Lutfi Sayyid-Marsot|1984|p=1}}{{sfn|McGregor|2006|p=53}} However, while Muhammad Ali initiated the construction of public buildings in the city,{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=437}} those reforms had minimal effect on Cairo's landscape.{{sfn|Raymond|2000|pp=291, 302}} Bigger changes came to Cairo under [[Isma'il Pasha]] (r. 1863–1879), who continued the modernisation processes started by his grandfather.<ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 76</ref> Drawing inspiration from [[Paris]], Isma'il envisioned a city of [[Tahrir Square|maidans]] and wide avenues; due to financial constraints, only some of them, in the area now composing [[Downtown Cairo]], came to fruition.{{sfn|Raymond|2000|pp=313–314}} Isma'il also sought to modernize the city, which was merging with neighbouring settlements, by establishing a [[public works]] ministry, bringing [[natural gas|gas]] and lighting to the city, and opening a theatre and opera house.{{sfn|Raymond|2000|pp=311–313}}{{sfn|Abu-Lughod|1965|pp=436–444}}

The immense debt resulting from Isma'il's projects provided a pretext for increasing European control, which culminated with the [[1882 Anglo-Egyptian War|British invasion]] in 1882.{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=199}} The city's economic centre quickly moved west toward the [[Nile]], away from the historic [[Islamic Cairo]] section and toward the contemporary, European-style areas built by Isma'il.{{sfn|Abu-Lughod|1965|pp=429–431, 455–457}}{{sfn|Hourani|Khoury|Wilson|2004|p=317}} Europeans accounted for five percent of Cairo's population at the end of the 19th century, by which point they held most top governmental positions.{{sfn|Abu-Lughod|1965|p=431}}

In 1906, the [[Cairo Electric Railways & Heliopolis Oases Company|Heliopolis Oasis Company]] headed by the [[Belgians|Belgian]] industrialist [[Édouard Empain]] and his Egyptian counterpart [[Boghos Nubar]], built a suburb called [[Heliopolis, Cairo|Heliopolis]] (city of the sun in Greek) ten kilometers from the center of Cairo.{{Sfn|Raymond|2000|p=329}}{{Sfn|Elyachar|2005|p=56}} In 1905–1907 the northern part of the [[Gezira (Cairo)|Gezira]] island was developed by the Baehler Company into [[Zamalek]], which would later become Cairo's upscale "chic" neighbourhood.{{Sfn|Raymond|2000|p=328}} In 1906 construction began on Garden City, a neighbourhood of urban villas with gardens and curved streets.{{Sfn|Raymond|2000|p=328}}

[[File:كوبري قصر النيل القاهرة.jpg|thumb|[[Qasr El Nil Bridge]]]]
[[File:CH-NB Photoglob-Wehrli EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tiff|thumb|Aerial view in 1904 from a balloon of the central-eastern edge of Cairo, showing the early development of [[Zamalek|Gezira/Zamalek Island]] (center left), and [[Downtown Cairo|Downtown]] (lower right), as well as [[Boulaq|Bulaq]] (upper right).]]
The British occupation was intended to be temporary, but it lasted well into the 20th century. Nationalists staged [[Egyptian Revolution of 1919|large-scale demonstrations]] in Cairo in 1919,{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=199}} five years after Egypt had been declared a British [[protectorate]].{{sfn|Hourani|Khoury|Wilson|2004|p=12}} Nevertheless, this led to Egypt's [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|independence in 1922]].

The [[King Fuad I Edition]] of the [[Qur'an]]<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Brill Online |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_intro |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-3922_q3_intro |title=Supplement II - Qurʾān Concordance |work=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |access-date=10 July 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110142306/https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_intro |url-status=live }}</ref> was first published on 10 July 1924 in Cairo under the patronage of [[Fuad I of Egypt|King Fuad]].<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Brockett |first=Adrian Alan |date=1985 |url=https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/2770 |title=Studies in two transmissions of the Qur'an |publisher=University of St Andrews |hdl=10023/2770 |via=St. Andrews Research Repository |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714092045/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/2770 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=malay>Peter G. Riddell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq1v_V4haj4C&q=nafi'%20al%20madani&pg=PA164 Early Malay Qur'anic exegical activity] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727170904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq1v_V4haj4C&pg=PA164&dq=nafi%27+al+madani&hl=en#v=onepage&q=nafi'%20al%20madani |date=27 July 2020 }}, p. 164. Taken from ''Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses''. London: [[C. Hurst & Co.]], 2001. {{ISBN|9781850653363}}</ref> The goal of the government of the newly formed [[Kingdom of Egypt]] was not to delegitimize the other variant Quranic texts ("[[qira'at]]"), but to eliminate errors found in Qur'anic texts used in state schools. A committee of teachers chose to preserve a single one of the canonical qira'at "readings", namely that of the "[[Ḥafṣ]]" version,{{Sfn|Böwering|2008|p=74}} an 8th-century [[Kufic recitation]]. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran<ref name="rippin">{{cite book |last=Rippin, Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00ripp_0 |title=The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an |publisher=Blackwell |year=2006 |isbn=978140511752-4 |edition=[2a reimpr.]|display-authors=etal}}
* For the history of compilation see ''Introduction'' by [[Tamara Sonn]] pp. 5–6</ref><ref name=melchert2>{{cite journal |last=Melchert |first=Christopher |title=Ibn Mujahid and the Establishment of Seven Qur'anic Readings |journal=Studia Islamica |year=2000 |issue=91 |pages=5–22 |doi=10.2307/1596266 |jstor=1596266}}</ref> for much of the Islamic world.<ref>Aisha Geissinger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7lPFCQAAQBAJ&q=warsh&pg=PA79 Gender and Muslim Constructions of Exegetical Authority: A Rereading of the Classical Genre of Qurʾān Commentary] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727160709/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lPFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79&dq=warsh+quran&hl=en#v=onepage&q=warsh |date=27 July 2020 }}, pg. 79. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2015. {{ISBN|9789004294448}}</ref> The publication has been called a "terrific success", and the edition has been described as one "now widely seen as the official text of the Qur'an", so popular among both Sunni and Shi'a that the common belief among less well-informed Muslims is "that the Qur'an has a single, unambiguous reading". Minor amendments were made later in 1924 and in 1936 - the "Faruq edition" in honour of then ruler, [[King Faruq]].{{Sfn|Reynolds|2008|p=2}}

====British occupation until 1956====
[[File:Cairo Street 1950's.tif|thumb|Everyday life in Cairo, 1950s]]

British troops remained in the country until 1956. During this time, urban Cairo, spurred by new bridges and transport links, continued to expand to include the upscale neighbourhoods of Garden City, Zamalek, and Heliopolis.{{sfn|Raymond|2000|pp=326–329}} Between 1882 and 1937, the population of Cairo more than tripled—from 347,000 to 1.3 million{{sfn|Raymond|2000|p=319}}—and its area increased from {{cvt|10|to|163|km2|sqmi|0}}.{{sfn|Raymond|2000|p=322}}

The city was devastated during the 1952 riots known as the [[Cairo Fire]] or Black Saturday, which saw the destruction of nearly 700 shops, movie theatres, casinos and hotels in downtown Cairo.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/433/2011/02/04/457/55/Malafat.aspx |script-title=ar:خسائر الحريق |date=12 May 2010 |journal=[[Al-Ahram]] |trans-title=The Fire Damage |language=ar |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512021201/http://www.ahram.org.eg/433/2011/02/04/457/55/Malafat.aspx |archive-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The British departed Cairo following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]], but the city's rapid growth showed no signs of abating. Seeking to accommodate the increasing population, [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] redeveloped [[Tahrir Square]] and the Nile [[Corniche]], and improved the city's network of bridges and highways.{{sfn|Raymond|2000|p=349}} Meanwhile, additional controls of the Nile fostered development within Gezira Island and along the city's waterfront. The metropolis began to encroach on the fertile [[Nile Delta]], prompting the government to build desert [[satellite town]]s and devise incentives for city-dwellers to move to them.{{sfn|Raymond|2000|pp=343–345}}

====After 1956====
In the second half of the 20th century, Cairo continue to grow enormously in both population and area. Between 1947 and 2006, the population of [[Greater Cairo]] went from 2,986,280 to 16,292,269.{{Sfn|Sims|2012|p=83}} The population explosion also drove the rise of "informal" housing (''<nowiki/>'ashwa'iyyat''), meaning housing that was built without any official planning or control.{{Sfn|Sims|2012|p=95}} The exact form of this type of housing varies considerably but usually has a much higher population density than formal housing. By 2009, over 63% of the population of Greater Cairo lived in informal neighbourhoods, even though these occupied only 17% of the total area of Greater Cairo.{{Sfn|Sims|2012|p=96}} According to economist David Sims, informal housing has the benefits of providing affordable accommodation and vibrant communities to huge numbers of Cairo's working classes, but it also suffers from government neglect, a relative lack of services, and overcrowding.{{Sfn|Sims|2012|pp=120-122}}

The "formal" city was also expanded. The most notable example was the creation of [[Nasr City|Madinat Nasr]], a huge government-sponsored expansion of the city to the east which officially began in 1959 but was primarily developed in the mid-1970s.{{Sfn|Sims|2012|pp=52-53}} Starting in 1977 the Egyptian government established the New Urban Communities Authority to initiate and direct the development of new planned cities on the outskirts of Cairo, generally established on desert land.<ref name="Ali-2020a">{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Amal K. |title=The Routledge Handbook of Planning Megacities in the Global South |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-000-06205-2 |editor-last=Rukmana |editor-first=Deden |pages=337–339 |language=en |chapter=Challenges in Managing Urban Growth: The Case of Cairo |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InnpDwAAQBAJ&dq=badr+city+cairo&pg=PT364}}</ref><ref name="UNECA-2017">{{Cite book |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTHLDwAAQBAJ&dq=cairo+first+generation+cities&pg=PA150 |title=Economic Report on Africa 2017: Urbanization and Industrialization for Africa's Transformation |publisher=United Nations |year=2017 |isbn=978-92-1-060392-8 |pages=150 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sims |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWtjEAAAQBAJ |title=Egypt's Desert Dreams: Development or Disaster? |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-61797-884-5 |language=en|edition=New }}</ref> These new satellite cities were intended to provide housing, investment, and employment opportunities for the region's growing population as well as to pre-empt the further growth of informal neighbourhoods.<ref name="Ali-2020a"/> As of 2014, about 10% of the population of Greater Cairo lived in the new cities.<ref name="Ali-2020a"/>

Concurrently, Cairo established itself as a political and economic hub for [[North Africa]] and the [[Arab world]], with many multinational businesses and organisations, including the [[Arab League]], operating out of the city. In 1979 the [[Islamic Cairo|historic districts]] of Cairo were listed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO-2017" />

In 1992, Cairo was hit by an [[1992 Cairo earthquake|earthquake]] causing 545 deaths, injuring 6,512 and leaving around 50,000 people homeless.<ref name="NGDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/5339|title=Significant Earthquake Information|last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|year=1972 |publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K}}</ref>

====2011 Egyptian revolution====
{{Main|2011 Egyptian revolution}}
[[File:The lion of Egyptian revolution (Qasr al-Nil Bridge)-edit2.jpg|thumb|upright|A protester holding an Egyptian flag during the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|protests]] that started on 25 January 2011]]

Cairo's [[Tahrir Square]] was the focal point of the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]] against former president [[Hosni Mubarak]].<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2011 |title=Egypt protests: Anti-Mubarak demonstrators arrested |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12289475 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126195024/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12289475 |archive-date=26 January 2011 |access-date=26 January 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> More than 50,000 protesters first occupied the square on 25 January, during which the area's wireless services were reported to be impaired.<ref name="Egyptians report poor communication services on Day of Anger">{{cite web |url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/egyptians-report-poor-communication-services-day-anger-1 |title=Egyptians report poor communication services on Day of Anger |publisher=[[Almasry Alyoum]] |date=25 January 2011 |access-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130064424/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/egyptians-report-poor-communication-services-day-anger-1 |archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref> In the following days Tahrir Square continued to be the primary destination for protests in Cairo.<ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12312330 |title=Egypt protests: curfew defied in Cairo and other cities |date=29 January 2011 |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129055957/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12312330 |archive-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The uprising was mainly a campaign of non-violent civil resistance, which featured a series of demonstrations, marches, acts of civil disobedience, and labour strikes. Millions of protesters from a variety of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of the regime of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Despite being predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not without violent clashes between security forces and protesters, with at least 846 people killed and 6,000 injured. The uprising took place in Cairo, Alexandria, and in other cities in Egypt, following the [[Tunisian revolution]] that resulted in the overthrow of the long-time [[President of Tunisia|Tunisian president]] [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/14/tunisian-president-flees-country-protests |website=The Guardian |title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced to flee Tunisia as protesters claim victory |last1=Chrisafis |first1=Angelique |date=15 January 2011 |access-date=23 April 2018 |last2=Black |first2=Ian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115053940/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/14/tunisian-president-flees-country-protests |archive-date=15 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 February, following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Hosni Mubarak resigned from office.

====Post-revolutionary Cairo====
Under the rule of President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|el-Sisi]], in March 2015 plans were announced for another yet-unnamed [[planned city]] to be built further east of the existing satellite city of [[New Cairo]], intended to serve as the [[Proposed new capital of Egypt|new capital of Egypt]].<ref name="BBC: new capital">{{cite news |title=Egypt unveils plans to build new capital east of Cairo |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-31874886 |work=BBC News |date=13 March 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313202550/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31874886 |archive-date=13 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>