Editing Buran programme (section)

=== Missions ===
==== Atmospheric test flights ====
{{Main|OK-GLI#Test flights}}

[[File:VKK Buran AN0077204.jpg|thumb|OK-GLI Buran aerodynamic analogue]]
An aerodynamic testbed, [[OK-GLI]], was constructed in 1984 to test the in-flight properties of the Buran design. Unlike the American prototype {{OV|101}}, OK-GLI had four [[Saturn AL-31|AL-31]] [[turbofan]] engines fitted, meaning it was able to fly under its own power.

==== Orbital flight of ''Buran'' in 1988 ====
{{Main|List of Buran missions}}
<!-- references in this section are prefixed with "buran-" for clarity -->

Following a series of atmospheric test flights using the jet-powered [[OK-GLI]] prototype, the first operational spacecraft ([[Buran (spacecraft)|''Buran'', orbiter 1K]]) flew one uncrewed test mission.{{sfn|Hendrickx|Vis|2007|page=349}}

At 03:00&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 15 November 1988, ''Buran'' and the Energia carrier rocket lifted off from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|pad 110/37]] in Baikonur.{{sfn|Hendrickx|Vis|2007|page=349}} The life support system was not installed for the flight and no data was displayed on the [[CRT display]]s in the Command Compartment.<ref name="nasa">{{cite web |date=12 November 1997 |title=Shuttle Buran |url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/rsa/buran.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804153528/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/rsa/buran.html |archive-date=4 August 2006 |work=NASA.gov}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! scope="col" width="40"|No
! width="125"|Launch Date
! Mission
! Shuttle
! Crew
! Duration
! Landing Site
! Notes
! Sources
|-
! scope="row" | 1
|{{sort|19820322|15 November 1988}}<br />03:00:02&nbsp;UTC<br />06:00:02&nbsp;MSK
|'''1K1'''
|[[Buran (spacecraft)|''Buran'']]
|0
|{{time interval|15 November 1988 03:00:02|15 November 1988 06:25:24|abbr=on|show=dhms|sep=space}}
|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|
*Only flight of ''Buran''
*Only uncrewed flight of Space Shuttle type vehicle
|<ref name="buran-nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/16/us/soviet-space-shuttle-orbits-and-returns-in-unmanned-debut.html |title=Soviet Space Shuttle Orbits and Returns In Unmanned Debut |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Felicity |last=Barringer |date=16 November 1988 |access-date=23 November 2013 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219190051/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/16/us/soviet-space-shuttle-orbits-and-returns-in-unmanned-debut.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="buran-CSM">{{cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1117/elaunch.html |title=Soviet shuttle |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |author=R. S. |date=17 November 1988 |access-date=15 January 2013 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003115559/http://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1117/elaunch.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="buran_spaceDaily">{{cite news |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Russia_starts_ambitious_super_heavy_space_rocket_project_999.html |title=Russia starts ambitious super-heavy space rocket project |publisher=Space Daily |date=19 November 2013 |access-date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006161815/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Russia_starts_ambitious_super_heavy_space_rocket_project_999.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/cikmain.htm |title=Циклограмма полета орбитального корабля "Буран" 15 ноября 1988 г. |website=Buran.ru |language=ru |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430124724/http://www.buran.ru/htm/cikmain.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

The shuttle orbited the [[Earth]] twice, travelling {{convert|83707|km|mi}} in 3 hours and 25 minutes (0.14 flight days).{{sfn|Hendrickx|Vis|2007|page=356}} On its return, it performed an automated landing on the shuttle runway (Site 251) at [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]].<ref name="rockets_and_people">{{cite book |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4110/vol1.pdf |title=Rockets and People, Volume 1 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |series=NASA History Series |first=Boris E. |last=Chertok |author-link=Boris Chertok |editor-first=Asif A. |editor-last=Siddiqi |page=179 |date=January 2005 |id=SP-2005-4110 |asin=B0075GLYQG |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153404/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4110/vol1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Planned flights ====
[[File:"Buran" docked to "Mir" space station.jpg|thumb|Planned ''Ptichka'' mission to Mir space station]]
The planned flights for the shuttles in 1989, before the downsizing of the project and eventual cancellation, were:<ref name="projected">{{cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/pilots.htm |script-title=ru:Экипажи "Бурана": Несбывшиеся планы |trans-title=The Crews of "Buran": Unfulfilled Plans |work=Buran.ru |first=Vadim |last=Lukashevich |access-date=5 August 2006 |language=ru |archive-date=17 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717053358/http://www.buran.ru/htm/pilots.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1991 — [[Ptichka|Orbiter 2K]] uncrewed first flight, duration 1–2 days.
* 1992 — Orbiter 2K uncrewed second flight, duration 7–8 days. Orbital manoeuvres and space station approach test.
* 1993 — ''Buran'' (1K) uncrewed second flight, duration 15–20 days.
* 1994 — [[2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)|Orbiter 3K]] first crewed space test flight, duration of 24 hours. Craft equipped with life-support system and with two ejection seats. Crew would consist of two cosmonauts with [[Igor Volk]] as commander, and a flight engineer.
* 1994-1995 - Second, third, fourth and fifth crewed orbital test flights.

The planned uncrewed second flight of orbiter 2K was changed in 1991 to the following:
* December 1991 — Orbiter 2K uncrewed second flight, with a duration of 7–8 days. Orbital maneuvers and space station approach test: 
** automatic docking with [[Mir]]'s [[Kristall]] module
** crew transfer from Mir to the orbiter, with testing of some of its systems in the course of twenty-four hours, including the remote manipulator
** undocking and autonomous flight in orbit
** docking of the crewed [[Soyuz TM-101]] with orbiter 2K
** crew transfer from the Soyuz to the orbiter and onboard work in the course of twenty-four hours
** automatic undocking and landing