Editing Brookhaven National Laboratory (section)

====Accelerator history====
[[File:Satoshi Ozaki 1991.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|[[Satoshi Ozaki]] posed with a magnet for the [[Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider]] in 1991]]

In 1952 Brookhaven began using its first [[particle accelerator]], the [[Cosmotron]]. At the time the Cosmotron was the world's highest energy accelerator, being the first to impart more than 1 [[GeV]] of energy to a particle. The Cosmotron was retired in 1966, after it was superseded in 1960 by the new [[Alternating Gradient Synchrotron]] (AGS). The AGS was used in research that resulted in three [[Nobel Prize]]s, including the discovery of the [[muon neutrino]], the [[charm quark]], and [[CP violation]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}

In 1970 in BNL started the [[ISABELLE]] project to develop and build two proton intersecting storage rings. The groundbreaking for the project was in October 1978. In 1981, with the tunnel for the accelerator already excavated, problems with the superconducting magnets needed for the ISABELLE accelerator brought the project to a halt, and the project was eventually cancelled in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bnl.gov/about/history/accelerators.php|title=BNL - Our History: Accelerators|website=www.bnl.gov}}</ref>

The [[National Synchrotron Light Source]] operated from 1982 to 2014 and was involved with two Nobel Prize-winning discoveries. It has since been replaced by the [[National Synchrotron Light Source II]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directors Named for Brookhaven Lab's Photon Sciences Directorate |url=https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=111189 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Brookhaven National Laboratory |language=en}}</ref>

After ISABELLE'S cancellation, physicist at BNL proposed that the excavated tunnel and parts of the magnet assembly be used in another accelerator. In 1984 the first proposal for the accelerator now known as the [[Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider]] (RHIC) was put forward. The construction got funded in 1991 and RHIC has been operational since 2000. One of the world's only two operating heavy-ion colliders, RHIC is as of 2010 the second-highest-energy collider after the [[Large Hadron Collider]]. RHIC is housed in a tunnel 2.4 miles (3.9&nbsp;km) long and is visible from space.<ref>{{Cite web |last=richardmitnick |date=2024-04-15 |title=From The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) At The DOE’s Brookhaven National Laboratory: “Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Begins Run 24” |url=https://sciencesprings.wordpress.com/2024/04/15/from-the-relativistic-heavy-ion-collider-rhic-at-the-does-brookhaven-national-laboratory-relativistic-heavy-ion-collider-begins-run-24/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=sciencesprings |language=en}}</ref>

On January 9, 2020, It was announced by Paul Dabbar, undersecretary of the US Department of Energy Office of Science, that the BNL eRHIC design has been selected over the conceptual design put forward by [[Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility]] as the future [[Electron–ion collider]] (EIC) in the United States. In addition to the site selection, it was announced that the BNL EIC had acquired CD-0 (mission need) from the Department of Energy.<ref>[https://www.energy.gov/articles/us-department-energy-selects-brookhaven-national-laboratory-host-major-new-nuclear-physics, "U.S. Department of Energy Selects Brookhaven National Laboratory to Host Major New Nuclear Physics Facility"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114043150/https://www.energy.gov/articles/us-department-energy-selects-brookhaven-national-laboratory-host-major-new-nuclear-physics, |date=January 14, 2020 }} 2020.</ref> BNL's eRHIC design proposes upgrading the existing Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, which collides beams light to heavy ions including polarized protons, with a polarized electron facility, to be housed in the same tunnel.<ref>{{Cite arXiv |eprint=1409.1633 |class=physics.acc-ph |first1=E. C. |last1=Aschenauer |first2=M. D. |last2=Baker |title=eRHIC Design Study: An Electron-Ion Collider at BNL |last3=Bazilevsky |first3=A. |last4=Boyle |first4=K. |last5=Belomestnykh |first5=S. |last6=Ben-Zvi |first6=I. |last7=Brooks |first7=S. |last8=Brutus |first8=C. |last9=Burton |first9=T. |last10=Fazio |first10=S. |last11=Fedotov |first11=A. |last12=Gassner |first12=D. |last13=Hao |first13=Y. |last14=Jing |first14=Y. |last15=Kayran |first15=D. |last16=Kiselev |first16=A. |last17=Lamont |first17=M. A. C. |last18=Lee |first18=J. -H. |last19=Litvinenko |first19=V. N. |last20=Liu |first20=C. |last21=Ludlam |first21=T. |last22=Mahler |first22=G. |last23=McIntyre |first23=G. |last24=Meng |first24=W. |last25=Meot |first25=F. |last26=Miller |first26=T. |last27=Minty |first27=M. |last28=Parker |first28=B. |last29=Petti |first29=R. |last30=Pinayev |first30=I. |year=2014 |display-authors=1}}</ref>