Editing Breton language (section)

==Education==
[[File:Breton school sign in Rennes.jpg|thumb|Sign in French and partly in Breton in Rennes, outside a school with bilingual classes]]

In the late 20th century, the French government considered incorporating the independent Breton-language immersion schools (called {{lang|br|[[Diwan (school)|Diwan]]}}) into the state education system. This action was blocked by the French [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]] based on the 1994 amendment to the Constitution that establishes French as the language of the republic. Therefore, no other language may be used as a language of instruction in state schools. The [[Toubon Law]] implemented the amendment, asserting that French is the language of public education.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Devine |first=Mary Catherine |title=La Loi Toubon: Language Policy and Linguistic and Cultural Diversity in France |date=2017 |degree=Thesis |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University |url=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/pstorage-cmu-348901238291901/14491631/Devine.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/pstorage-cmu-348901238291901/14491631/Devine.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Diwan (school)|Diwan schools]] were founded in Brittany in 1977 to teach Breton by [[Language immersion|immersion]]. Since their establishment, Diwan schools have provided fully immersive primary school and partially immersive secondary school instruction in Breton for thousands of students across Brittany. This has directly contributed to the growing numbers of school-age speakers of Breton. The schools have also gained fame from their high level of results in school exams, including those on French language and literature.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.diwanbreizh.org/sections.php4?op=viewarticle&artid=6 Diwan FAQ, #6].</ref> Breton-language schools do not receive funding from the national government, though the Brittany Region may fund them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://carla.umn.edu/immersion/acie/vol8/Feb2005_guest_diwan.html|title=The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA):Articulation of Language Instruction|website=carla.umn.edu|access-date=2017-09-18}}</ref>

Another teaching method is a bilingual approach by {{lang|br|Div Yezh}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://div-yezh.org/|title=Actualités|first=Yannick /|last=Rostrenn|publisher=div-yezh.org|language=fr}}</ref> ("Two Languages") in the State schools, created in 1979. {{lang|br|Dihun}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dihun.com/|title=Dihun – Dihun Language|access-date=9 July 2008|archive-date=15 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615055340/http://www.dihun.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ("Awakening") was created in 1990 for bilingual education in the Catholic schools.

===Statistics===
In 2018, 18,337<ref name="ofis-stats" /> pupils (about 2% of all students in Brittany) attended {{lang|br|Diwan}}, {{lang|br|Div Yezh}} and {{lang|br|Dihun}} schools, and their number has increased yearly. This was short of the goal of [[Jean-Yves Le Drian]] (president of the [[Regional Council of Brittany|Regional Council]]), who aimed to have 20,000 students in bilingual schools by 2010, and of "their recognition" for "their place in education, public schools, and public life"; nevertheless he describes being encouraged by the growth of the movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agencebretagnepresse.com/fetch.php?id=11436|title=Interview with Jean-Yves Le Drian, the president of the Region Council|publisher=angencebretagnepresse.com}}</ref>

In 2007, some 4,500 to 5,000 adults followed an evening or correspondence one Breton-language course.{{Vague|reason = A course distributed by mail? Student writing as unmonitored practice? Perhaps with consistent feedback? With feedback based in formal standards?...from screened speakers? etc.|date=January 2020}} The transmission{{vague| reason = within families?|date=June 2020}} of Breton in 1999 was estimated to be 3 percent.<ref name="ofis-stats" />
<!-- ...BTW, lest I seem overly bold – (apostle Paul: “sin boldly!”)- i meet no sound pedagogical standards, other than speaking a second language well enuf that my apologies occasionally elicit jokes from native speakers who ”empathize” by exaggerating their own *regional accent* , and claim it disqualifies *them* as speakers of their native language (i.e., it’s metropolitan dialect), as thoroly my lame ability with *any* variety does. -->

{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Growth of the percentage of pupils in bilingual education
! Year !! Number !! Percentage of all<br>pupils in Brittany
|-
| 2005 || 10,397 || 1.24%
|-
| 2006 || 11,092 || 1.30%
|-
| 2007 || 11,732 || 1.38%
|-
| 2008 || 12,333 || ± 1.4%
|-
| 2009 || 13,077 || 1.45%
|-
| 2010 || 13,493 || 1.48%
|-
| 2011 || 14,174 || 1.55%
|-
| 2012 || 14,709 || 1.63%
|-
| 2013 || 15,338 || 1.70%
|-
| 2014 || 15,840 || 1.73%
|-
| 2015 || 16,345 || 1.78%
|-
| 2016 || 17,024 || 1.86%
|-
| 2017 || 17,748 || 1.93%
|-
| 2018 || 18,337 || 2.00%
|-
| 2019 || 18,890 || 2.00%
|-
| 2020 || 19,165 || 2.00%
|-
| 2021 || 19,336 || ± 2.2%
|-
| 2022 || 19,765 || ± 2.3%
|-
| 2024 || 20,280 || ± 2.5%
|}
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Percentage of pupils in bilingual education per department
! Department !! Primary education<br>(2022)<ref name="ofis-education">{{in lang|br}} {{lang|br|Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg}}: [https://www.brezhoneg.bzh/98-kelenn.htm {{lang|br|Teul ar c'helenn divyezhek e 2022}}]</ref>
|-
| [[Finistère]] || 9.0%
|-
| [[Morbihan]] || 6.7%
|-
| [[Côtes-d'Armor]] || 4.4%
|-
| [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] || 1.8%
|-
| [[Loire-Atlantique]] || 0.5%
|}
|}

===Municipalities===
{|
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable sortable" 
|+The 10 communes with the highest percentage of pupils in bilingual primary education, listed with their total population
! Commune !! Percentage<br>(2023)<ref name="ofis-education" /> !! Population<br>(2007)<ref name="insee">{{Cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2119892?sommaire=2119897 |title=Populations légales 2007 |website=Insee |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Saint-Rivoal]] (Finistère) || 100% || 177
|-
| [[Bulat-Pestivien]] (Côtes-d'Armor) || 100% || 412
|-
| [[Lanrivain]] (Côtes-d'Armor) || 100% || 457
|-
| [[Plounévez-Moëdec]] (Côtes-d'Armor) || 68.2% || 1,467
|-
| [[Langonnet]] (Morbihan) || 43.6% || 1771
|-
| [[Cavan, Côtes-d'Armor|Cavan]] (Côtes-d'Armor) || 42.9% || 1528
|-
| [[Commana]] (Finistère) || 42.1% || 995
|-
| [[Maël-Carhaix]] (Côtes-d'Armor) || 40.9% || 1463
|-
| [[Ploëzal]] / [[Runan ]] (Côtes-d'Armor) || 39.4% || 1466
|-
| [[Melrand]] (Morbihan) || 38.8% || 1519
|}

|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+The 10 communes of historic Brittany with the highest total population, listed with their percentages of pupils in bilingual primary education<br />''These figures include some cities in the department of Loire-Atlantique, which is now included in the [[Pays de la Loire]] region. See for example [[Brittany (administrative region)]].''
! Commune !! Percentage<br>(2008)<ref name="ofis-education" /> !! Population<br>(2007)<ref name="insee" />
|-
| [[Nantes]] (Loire-Atlantique) || 1.4% || 290,943
|-
| [[Rennes]] (Ille-et-Vilaine) || 2.87% || 213,096
|-
| [[Brest, France|Brest]] (Finistère) || 1.94% || 146,519
|-
| [[Saint-Nazaire]] (Loire-Atlantique) || 0.41% || 71,046
|-
| [[Quimper, Finistère|Quimper]] (Finistère) || 3.17% || 67,255
|-
| [[Lorient]] (Morbihan) || 2.71% || 59,805
|-
| [[Vannes]] (Morbihan) || 7.71% || 55,383
|-
| [[Saint-Malo]] (Ille-et-Vilaine) || 0.55% || 50,206
|-
| [[Saint-Brieuc]] (Côtes-d'Armor) || 3.98% || 48,178
|-
| [[Saint-Herblain]] (Loire-Atlantique) || ? || 44,364
|}
|}

===Other forms of education===
In addition to bilingual education (including Breton-medium education) the region has introduced the Breton language in primary education, mainly in the department of Finistère. These "initiation" sessions are generally one to three hours per week, and consist of songs and games.

Schools in secondary education ({{lang|fr|[[collège]]s}} and {{lang|br|[[lycée]]s}}) offer some courses in Breton. In 2010, nearly 5,000 students in Brittany were reported to be taking this option.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://studi.canalblog.com/archives/2010/06/20/18372084.html |title=L'option de breton: que faire?|date=2010-06-20 |website=Studi: enseigner le breton et en breton}}</ref> Additionally, the University of Rennes 2 has a Breton language department offering courses in the language along with a master's degree in Breton and Celtic Studies.