Editing Brazil (section)

=== Contemporary era ===
{{Main|Military dictatorship in Brazil|History of Brazil (1985–present)}}
[[File:Construção do Congresso Nacional Esplanada dos Ministérios 1959-10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Construction of the [[National Congress Palace|National Congress building]] in [[Brasília]], 1959, during the [[Juscelino Kubitschek#Presidency|JK administration]]]]

Several brief interim governments followed Vargas's suicide.<ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;201</ref> [[Juscelino Kubitschek]] became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the [[Opposition (politics)|political opposition]] that allowed him to govern without major crises.<ref>Skidmore, pp.&nbsp;202–203</ref> The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,<ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;204</ref> but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of [[Brasília]], inaugurated in 1960.<ref>Skidmore, pp.&nbsp;204–205</ref> Kubitschek's successor, [[Jânio Quadros]], resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.<ref>Skidmore, pp.&nbsp;209–210</ref> His vice-president, [[João Goulart]], assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition<ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;210</ref> and was [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|deposed in April 1964]] by a coup that resulted in a [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]].<ref>Fausto (2005), p.&nbsp;397</ref>
[[File:Tanques ocupam a Avenida Presidente Vargas, 1968-04-04.jpg|thumb|[[M41 Walker Bulldog|M41s]] along the [[Avenida Presidente Vargas]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], in April 1968, during the [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]]]]

The new regime was intended to be transitory<ref>Gaspari, ''A Ditadura Envergonhada'', pp. 141–42.</ref> but gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the [[AI-5|Fifth Institutional Act]] in 1968.<ref name="Gaspari p.35">Gaspari, ''A Ditadura Envergonhada'', p.&nbsp;35.</ref> Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA395 395], last paragraph}}<ref>Richard Young, Odile Cisneros "Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater" Scare Crow Press 2011, p. 224, 2nd § [https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ZyleoLY5UC&pg=PA224 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183956/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ZyleoLY5UC&pg=PA224#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref> inside and outside the country through the infamous "[[Operation Condor]]".<ref>Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen & Amaya Úbeda de Torres "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary" Oxford University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-19-958878-7}} p. 299 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fQpnBsRWNlYC&pg=PA299 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183958/https://books.google.com/books?id=fQpnBsRWNlYC&pg=PA299 |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA396 396]}} Like other brutal [[authoritarianism|authoritarian regimes]], due to an economic boom, known as the "[[Brazilian Miracle|economic miracle]]", the regime reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s.{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA395 395–97]}}

Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas.<ref>Bradford Burns 1993, p. 457</ref> The inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure made an opening policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals [[Ernesto Geisel]] and [[Golbery do Couto e Silva]].{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 6 "The military government and the transition to democracy (1964–1984)"}} With the enactment of the [[Amnesty law#Brazil|Amnesty Law]] in 1979, Brazil began a slow [[Political opening of Brazil|return to democracy]], which was completed during the 1980s.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999}}
[[File:Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao restored.jpg|thumb|[[Ulysses Guimarães]] holding the [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution of 1988]]]]

Civilians returned to power in 1985 when [[José Sarney]] assumed the presidency. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] he inherited from the military regime.<ref>Fausto (2005), pp.&nbsp;464–65.</ref> Sarney's unsuccessful government led to the [[Brazilian presidential election, 1989|election in 1989]] of the almost-unknown [[Fernando Collor de Mello|Fernando Collor]], who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.<ref>Fausto (2005), pp.&nbsp;465, 475.</ref> Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, [[Itamar Franco]], who appointed [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso produced a highly successful [[Plano Real]],<ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;311.</ref> that, after decades of failed economic plans made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperinflation, finally stabilized the Brazilian economy.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Epilogue}}<ref>Fausto (2005), p.&nbsp;482.</ref> Cardoso won the [[Brazilian presidential election, 1994|1994 election]], and [[Brazilian presidential election, 1998|again in 1998]].<ref>Fausto (2005), p.&nbsp;474.</ref>

The [[peaceful transition of power]] from Cardoso to his main opposition leader, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Brazilian presidential election, 2002|elected in 2002]] and [[Brazilian presidential election, 2006|re-elected in 2006]]), was seen as proof that Brazil had achieved a long-sought political stability.<ref>Fausto (2005), p.&nbsp;502.</ref><ref>Zirin, 2014. Chapter 3</ref> However, sparked by indignation and frustrations accumulated over decades from corruption, [[Police brutality by country#Brazil|police brutality]], inefficiencies of the political [[The Establishment|establishment]] and [[public service]], [[2013 protests in Brazil|numerous peaceful protests]] erupted in Brazil in the middle of the first term of [[Dilma Rousseff]], who had succeeded Lula after winning election [[Brazilian presidential election, 2010|in 2010]] and again [[Brazilian presidential election, 2014|in 2014]] by narrow margins.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/22/urban-protest-changing-global-social-network "Global protest grows as citizens lose faith in politics and the State"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608173307/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/22/urban-protest-changing-global-social-network |date=8 June 2021 }} article on "the Guardian"</ref><ref>Zirin, 2014. Chapter 7 & Conclusion.</ref>

Rousseff [[Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff|was impeached]] by the [[Brazilian Congress]] in 2016, halfway into her second term,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=Jonathan Watts & Donna Bowater |title=Dilma Rousseff impeached by Brazilian senate |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeached-president-brazilian-senate-michel-temer |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-date=31 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831175437/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeached-president-brazilian-senate-michel-temer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taub |first=Amanda |date=2016-09-01 |title=All Impeachments Are Political. But Was Brazil's Something More Sinister? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/q01/world/americas/brazil-impeachment-coup.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213070654/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/world/americas/brazil-impeachment-coup.html |archive-date=February 13, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and replaced by her Vice-president [[Michel Temer]], who assumed full presidential powers after Rousseff's impeachment was accepted on 31 August. Large street [[2015–16 protests in Brazil|protests for and against her]] took place during the impeachment process.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/28879ada-0499-11e6-96e5-f85cb08b0730.html#axzz46ZJ07xgT Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624140848/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/28879ada-0499-11e6-96e5-f85cb08b0730.html#axzz46ZJ07xgT |date=24 June 2016 }} in ''[[Financial Times]]'' (18 April 2016) about the political ambiance in Brazil on the day vote for the Deputies chamber decision about open an impeachment procedure against President Dilma. 2nd to 4th paragraph.</ref> The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians from all the primary political parties. In 2017, the Supreme Court requested the investigation of 71 Brazilian lawmakers and nine ministers of President [[Michel Temer]]'s cabinet who were allegedly linked to the [[Operation Car Wash|Petrobras corruption scandal]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-politics-probes-idUSL1N1HJ1NO? "Brazil supreme court judge orders probe into nine ministers – paper"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816074621/https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-politics-probes-idUSL1N1HJ1NO |date=16 August 2017 }}. Reuters. 11 April 2017.</ref> President Temer himself was also accused of [[Corruption in Brazil|corruption]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/brazil-temer-corruption-charge-joesley-batista.html "President Michel Temer of Brazil Is Charged With Corruption"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030047/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/brazil-temer-corruption-charge-joesley-batista.html |date=14 April 2021 }}. ''The New York Times''. 26 June 2017.</ref> According to a 2018 poll, 62% of the population said that corruption was Brazil's biggest problem.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A scary election in Brazil |language=en |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/09/20/a-scary-election-in-brazil |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033118/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/09/20/a-scary-election-in-brazil |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the fiercely disputed [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018 elections]], the controversial conservative candidate [[Jair Bolsonaro]] of the [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal Party]] (PSL) was elected president, winning in the second round against [[Fernando Haddad]], of the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers Party]] (PT), with the support of 55.13% of the valid votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jair Bolsonaro é eleito presidente do Brasil |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/jair-bolsonaro-e-eleito-presidente-do-brasil/ |website=veja.abril.com.br |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193324/https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/jair-bolsonaro-e-eleito-presidente-do-brasil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early 2020s, Brazil became [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|one of the hardest hit countries]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States.<ref name="BBCGuerin">{{Cite news |last=Guerin |first=Orla |date=9 July 2021 |title=Covid-19 pandemic: 'Everything you should not do, Brazil has done' |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC |location=[[Brasília]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733540 |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803062031/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733540 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2021, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] stated that he would run for a third term in the [[2022 Brazilian general election]] against Bolsonaro.<ref name=Valor2021-05-20a>{{cite web|url=https://valorinveste.globo.com/mercados/brasil-e-politica/noticia/2021/05/20/lula-reitera-candidatura-presidencial-contra-bolsonaro-em-2022.ghtml|title=Lula reitera candidatura presidencial contra Bolsonaro em 2022|website=Valor|date=20 May 2021|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805163619/https://valorinveste.globo.com/mercados/brasil-e-politica/noticia/2021/05/20/lula-reitera-candidatura-presidencial-contra-bolsonaro-em-2022.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2022, Lula was in first place in the first round, with 48.43% of the support from the electorate, and received 50.90% of the votes in the second round.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Análise das Eleições 2022: Veja Detalhes dos Resultados da Votação|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/analise/presidente-1-turno/ |access-date=31 October 2022|website=noticias.uol.com.br|language=pt |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030225737/https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/analise/presidente-1-turno/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Resultados – TSE|url=https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados |access-date=31 October 2022|website=resultados.tse.jus.br |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102121453/https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados }}</ref> On 8 January 2023, a week after Lula's inauguration, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters [[2023 Brazilian Congress attack|attacked Brazil's federal government buildings]] in the capital, [[Brasília]], after several weeks of unrest.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=8 January 2023 |title=Jair Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazil's presidential palace and supreme court |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/jair-bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108191923/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/jair-bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court |archive-date=8 January 2023 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite web |last=Rocha |first=Lucas |title=Manifestantes furam bloqueio, entram na Esplanada e invadem o Congresso Nacional |trans-title=Protesters break through the blockade, enter the Esplanade and invade the National Congress |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/manifestantes-furam-bloqueio-e-entram-na-esplanada-em-brasilia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108184449/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/manifestantes-furam-bloqueio-e-entram-na-esplanada-em-brasilia/ |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=8 January 2023 |publisher=[[CNN Brazil]]}}</ref>