Editing Border Collie (section)

===Conditions===
[[Collie eye anomaly]] is an [[autosomal recessive]] condition caused by an [[autosomal recessive]] mutation in the [[NHEJ1]] gene that affects [[Collie]]s and related breeds, such as the Border Collie.<ref name="BSAVA">{{cite book |author1-first=James A.C. |author1-last=Oliver |author2-first=Cathryn S. |author2-last=Mellersh | editor1-first=Barbara | editor1-last=Cooper | editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Mullineaux |editor3-first=Lynn | editor3-last=Turner |title=BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing |date=2020 |publisher=British Small Animal Veterinary Association |isbn=978-1-910-44339-2 |edition=Sixth|chapter=Genetics| page=131}}</ref>

Two types of hearing loss occur in the breed. The first type is pigment associated and is found in Border Collie puppies, although the puppies can have congenital sensorineural deafness from birth as well.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Platt|first1=Simon|last2=Freeman|first2=Julia|last3=di Stefani|first3=Alberta|last4=Wieczorek|first4=Lara|last5=Henley|first5=William|date=November 2006 |title= Prevalence of unilateral and bilateral deafness in border collies and association with phenotype|journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine|volume=20|issue=6|pages=1355–1362|issn=0891-6640|pmid=17186850|doi=10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00751.x|citeseerx=10.1.1.576.2252}}</ref> The second type is known as adult-onset hearing loss.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://purinaproclub.com/Dog/ResourceLibrary/BreederEnthusiastResources/TodaysBreeder/639c9127-5f9c-4fec-af28-5cab2b2fdf72/6f9d1218-59a9-49e6-bf51-de0a1d625bd4|title=Discovering Inherited Adult-Onset Deafness in Border Collies|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216163100/http://purinaproclub.com/Dog/ResourceLibrary/BreederEnthusiastResources/TodaysBreeder/639c9127-5f9c-4fec-af28-5cab2b2fdf72/6f9d1218-59a9-49e6-bf51-de0a1d625bd4|archive-date=16 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> These dogs have a normal auditory brainstem response test as pups but gradually lose their hearing some time between one and eight years of age. The American Border Collie Association's Health & Education Foundation (ABCA HEF) is supporting research into the genetic causes of this disease. Suspect regions of the genome have been identified, but the exact causal mutation(s) have not so far been located.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=The Current State of Testing for Early Adult Onset Deafness (EAOD) |url=https://bordercolliefoundation.org/general-news/the-current-state-of-testing-for-early-adult-onset-deafness-eaod/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Border Collie Health & Education Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis]] (NCL) is a rare but serious disease that is limited to show Border Collies. NCL results in severe [[Neurology|neurological]] impairment and early death; afflicted dogs rarely survive beyond two years of age. The [[mutation]] causing the form of the disease found in Border Collies was identified by Scott Melville in the laboratory of Alan Wilton of the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, [[University of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.unsw.edu.au/news/2005/bordercollie.html |title=Dog disease gets the bite |publisher=Science.unsw.edu.au |year=2005 |access-date=2007-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810133722/http://www.science.unsw.edu.au/news/2005/bordercollie.html |archive-date=2007-08-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is no treatment or cure, but a DNA test is now available to detect carriers as well as affected dogs.

Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome (TNS) is a hereditary disease in which the bone marrow produces [[neutrophil]]s (white cells) but is unable to effectively release them into the bloodstream. Affected puppies have an impaired immune system and will eventually die from infections they cannot fight. The mutation responsible for TNS has been found in Border Collies, in English working dogs, in show dogs that had originated in Australia and New Zealand, and in unrelated Australian working dogs. This indicates that the gene is widespread and probably as old as the breed itself. TNS was identified by Jeremy Shearman in the laboratory of Alan Wilton of the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales. There is no cure, but a DNA test is now available to detect carriers as well as affected dogs.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Genetic Connection: A Guide to Health Problems in Purebred Dogs |last=Ackerman |first=Lowell |year=2011 |publisher=American Animal Hospital Association Press |isbn=978-1-58326-157-6 |page=219 }}<!--|access-date=26 June 2012--></ref>

Other diseases found less commonly include [[Cataract|juvenile cataracts]], [[osteochondritis]], [[Hypothyroidism in dogs|hypothyroidism]], [[diabetes mellitus]] and canine cyclic [[Neutropenia|neutropaenia]], carpal soft-tissue injury.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats|last=Alex.|first=Gough|date=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|others=Thomas, Alison, 1964-|isbn=9781405180788|edition= 2nd|location=Chichester, West Sussex|oclc=467711662}}</ref>

A syndrome of exercise-induced collapse similar to that seen in [[Labrador retriever]]s, otherwise termed '''Border Collie Collapse''' and triggered by episodes of collapse associated with periods of intense exercise has been described in Border Collies in North America, Europe and Australia; and is currently the subject of further investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cvm.umn.edu/vbs/faculty/Mickelson/lab/EIC/bordercollieEIC/|title=Border Collie Collapse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928220641/http://www.cvm.umn.edu/vbs/faculty/Mickelson/lab/EIC/bordercollieEIC/|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Border Collie Collapse or "the wobbles" is a disease found in many herding/working breeds. The cause is currently unknown. Border Collie Collapse seems to be related to high-intensity exercises that are found to be particularly exciting to the individual dog. For example, some dogs cannot retrieve a tennis ball, as they find this activity highly stimulating, but can run for several miles with no symptoms of Border Collie Collapse. Symptoms commonly include disorientation, mental dullness, loss of attention, unsteady hind legs, dragging of hind legs, and ultimately the need to sit or lie down. Loss of consciousness and seizure-like trembling/spasms are not characteristics of Border Collie Collapse. There is no current diagnostic test or veterinary workup that can confirm Border Collie Collapse and the diagnosis is often given as a diagnosis of exclusion or based on clinical symptoms. There is no current treatment recommended, and it is advised to limit the episodes by avoiding the activities that trigger the collapse.<ref name="taylor3">{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=SM |last2=Minor |first2=K |last3=Shmon |first3=CL |last4=Shelton |first4=GD |last5=Patterson |first5=EE |last6=Mickelson |first6=JR |title=Border collie collapse: Owner survey results and veterinary description of episodes |journal=J Am Anim Hosp Assoc |date=2016 |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=364–370|doi=10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6436 |pmid=27685362 }}</ref>

A study in the UK looking at clinical records found the Border Collie to have the highest prevalence of [[hepatic neoplasia]]. Border Collies were 2.67 times more likely to acquire the condition than other breeds.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bandara | first1=Y. | last2=Bayton | first2=W. A. | last3=Williams | first3=T. L. | last4=Scase | first4=T. | last5=Bexfield | first5=N. H. | title=Histopathological frequency of canine hepatobiliary disease in the United Kingdom | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | volume=62 | issue=9 | date=2021 | issn=0022-4510 | doi=10.1111/jsap.13354 | pages=730–736| pmid=34155648 }}</ref>

The Border Collie is one of the more commonly affected breeds for a mutation in the [[MDR1]] gene.<ref name="BSAVA"/> This mutation results in the affected animal being more susceptible to negative effects of drugs at volumes that are otherwise safe. Common drugs such as [[doramectin]] and [[ivermectin]] will cause neurotoxicosis.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Mizukami | first1=Keijiro | last2=Chang | first2=Hye-Sook | last3=Yabuki | first3=Akira | last4=Kawamichi | first4=Takuji | last5=Hossain | first5=Mohammad A. | last6=Rahman | first6=Mohammad M. | last7=Uddin | first7=Mohammad M. | last8=Yamato | first8=Osamu | title=Rapid genotyping assays for the 4–base pair deletion of canine MDR1 / ABCB1 gene and low frequency of the mutant allele in Border Collie dogs | journal=Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation | volume=24 | issue=1 | date=2012 | issn=1040-6387 | doi=10.1177/1040638711425591 | pages=127–134| pmid=22362942 }}</ref> The mutation has a frequency of 1–4.8% depending on the country.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lerdkrai | first=Chommanad | last2=Phungphosop | first2=Nuch | title=Prevalence of the MDR1 gene mutation in herding dog breeds and Thai Ridgebacks in Thailand | journal=Veterinary World | publisher=Veterinary World | date=2021-11-27 | issn=2231-0916 | doi=10.14202/vetworld.2021.3015-3020 | doi-access=free | pages=3015–3020| pmc=8743763 }}</ref>