Editing Bolivia (section)

=== Democratic transition ===
{{main|History of Bolivia (1982–present)}}In 1993, [[Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada]] was elected [[President of Bolivia|president]] in alliance with the [[Revolutionary Liberation Movement Tupaq Katari|Tupac Katari Revolutionary Liberation Movement]], which inspired indigenous-sensitive and multicultural-aware policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact94/wf950032.txt|title=1994 CIA World FactBook|access-date=4 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418005802/http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact94/wf950032.txt|archive-date=18 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Sánchez de Lozada pursued an aggressive economic and social reform agenda. The most dramatic reform was privatization under the "capitalization" program, under which investors, typically foreign, acquired 50% ownership and management control of public enterprises in return for agreed upon capital investments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/01/business/international-business-bolivia-sells-utility-to-us-companies.html|title=INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS; Bolivia Sells Utility to U.S. Companies|last=Sims |first=Calvin |date=1 July 1995|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020155505/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/01/business/international-business-bolivia-sells-utility-to-us-companies.html|archive-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ewing|first1=Andrew|last2=Goldmark|first2=Susan|year=1994|title=Privatization by Capitalization : The Case of Bolivia – A Popular Participation Recipe for Cash-Starved SOEs|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11679|journal=Viewpoint|publisher=World Bank|access-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011195151/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11679|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, Sanchez de Lozada introduced the ''Plan de Todos'', which led to the decentralization of government, introduction of [[intercultural bilingual education]], implementation of [[Agriculture|agrarian]] legislation, and [[privatization]] of state owned businesses. The plan explicitly stated that Bolivian citizens would own a minimum of 51% of enterprises; under the plan, most [[Government-owned corporation|state-owned enterprises]] (SOEs), though not mines, were sold.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia de la República de Bolivia|url=http://www.mirabolivia.com/edu/historia.htm|access-date=4 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228053542/http://www.mirabolivia.com/edu/historia.htm|archive-date=28 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> This privatization of SOEs led to a [[neoliberal]] structuring.<!--that acknowledged a diverse population within Bolivia. – Acknowledged how so?--><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.temple.edu/gus/kohl/documents/kohlplancitizenshipIJURR603.pdf |doi=10.1111/1468-2427.00451 |title=Restructuring Citizenship in Bolivia: El Plan de Todos |last=Kohl |first=Benjamin |year=2003 |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |volume=27 |issue=2 |page=337 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208112503/https://www.temple.edu/gus/kohl/documents/kohlplancitizenshipIJURR603.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2013 |citeseerx=10.1.1.363.2012}}</ref>

The reforms and economic restructuring were strongly opposed by certain segments of society, which instigated frequent and sometimes violent protests, particularly in La Paz and the Chapare [[coca]]-growing region, from 1994 through 1996. The indigenous population of the [[Andes|Andean]] region was not able to benefit from government reforms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lucero|first=José Antonio|editor=John Burdick |editor2=Philip Oxhorn |editor3=Kenneth M. Roberts|title=Beyond neoliberalism in Latin America?|year=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-61179-5|chapter=Decades Lost and Won: The Articulations of Indigenous Movements and Multicultural Neoliberalism in the Andes}}</ref> During this time, the umbrella labor-organization of Bolivia, the [[Central Obrera Boliviana]] (COB), became increasingly unable to effectively challenge government policy. A teachers' strike in 1995 was defeated because the COB could not marshal the support of many of its members, including construction and factory workers.

====1997–2002 General Banzer presidency====
In the 1997 elections, General [[Hugo Banzer]], leader of the [[Nationalist Democratic Action]] party (ADN) and former dictator (1971–1978), won 22% of the vote, while the MNR candidate won 18%. At the outset of his government, President Banzer launched a policy of using special police-units to eradicate physically the illegal coca of the Chapare region. The [[Revolutionary Left Movement (Bolivia)|Revolutionary Left Movement]] (MIR) of Jaime Paz Zamora remained a coalition-partner throughout the Banzer government, supporting this policy (called the Dignity Plan).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chakana.nl/files/pub/AssiesSalman_2005_Ethnicity-and-Politics-in-Bolivia.pdf |title=Ethnicity and Politics in Bolivia |publisher=Ethnopolitics 4(3):269–297 |date=September 2005 |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724150223/http://chakana.nl/files/pub/AssiesSalman_2005_Ethnicity-and-Politics-in-Bolivia.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Banzer government continued the free-market and privatization-policies of its predecessor. The relatively robust economic growth of the mid-1990s continued until about the third year of its term in office. After that, regional, global and domestic factors contributed to a decline in economic growth. Financial crises in Argentina and Brazil, lower world prices for export commodities, and reduced employment in the coca sector depressed the Bolivian economy. The public also perceived a significant amount of public sector corruption. These factors contributed to increasing social protests during the second half of Banzer's term.

Between January 1999 and April 2000, large-scale [[2000 Cochabamba protests|protests]] erupted in [[Cochabamba]], Bolivia's third largest city at the time, in response to the [[Water privatization|privatization of water]] resources by foreign companies and a subsequent doubling of water prices. On 6 August 2001, Banzer resigned from office after being diagnosed with cancer. He died less than a year later. Vice President [[Jorge Quiroga|Jorge Fernando Quiroga Ramírez]] completed the final year of his term.

==== 2002–2005 Sánchez de Lozada / Mesa presidency ====

In the June 2002 national elections, former President [[Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada]] (MNR) placed first with 22.5% of the vote, followed by coca-advocate and native peasant-leader [[Evo Morales]] ([[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement Toward Socialism]], MAS) with 20.9%. A July agreement between the MNR and the fourth-place MIR, which had again been led in the election by former President Jaime Paz Zamora, virtually ensured the election of Sánchez de Lozada in the congressional run-off, and on 6 August he was sworn in for the second time. The MNR platform featured three overarching objectives: economic reactivation (and job creation), anti-corruption, and social inclusion.

In 2003, the [[Bolivian gas conflict]] broke out. On 12 October 2003, the government imposed martial law in El Alto after 16 people were shot by the police and several dozen wounded in violent clashes. Faced with the option of resigning or more bloodshed, Sánchez de Lozada offered his resignation in a letter to an emergency session of Congress. After his resignation was accepted and his vice president, [[Carlos Mesa]], invested, he left on a commercially scheduled flight for the United States.

The country's internal situation became unfavorable for such political action on the international stage. After a resurgence of gas protests in 2005, Carlos Mesa attempted to resign in January 2005, but his offer was refused by Congress. On 22 March 2005, after weeks of new street protests from organizations accusing Mesa of bowing to U.S. corporate interests, Mesa again offered his resignation to Congress, which was accepted on 10 June. The chief justice of the Supreme Court, [[Eduardo Rodríguez (politician)|Eduardo Rodríguez]], was sworn as interim president to succeed the outgoing Carlos Mesa.

====2005–2019 Morales presidency====
{{POV section|date=September 2020|talk=Talk:Bolivia/Archive 2#NPOV}}
[[File:Presidentes_del_Perú_y_Bolivia_inauguran_Encuentro_Presidencial_y_III_Gabinete_Binacional_Perú-Bolivia_(36962597345)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Former President, [[Evo Morales]]]]
[[Evo Morales]] won the [[Bolivian presidential election, 2005|2005 presidential election]] with 53.7% of the votes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/19/world/americas/coca-advocate-wins-election-for-president-in-bolivia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529185642/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/19/world/americas/coca-advocate-wins-election-for-president-in-bolivia.html |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Coca Advocate Wins Election for President in Bolivia |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 December 2005 |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> On 1 May 2006, Morales announced his intent to [[Bolivian gas conflict|re-nationalize Bolivian hydrocarbon assets]] following protests which demanded this action.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/02/world/americas/02bolivia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623191023/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/02/world/americas/02bolivia.html |archive-date=23 June 2006 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Bolivian Nationalizes the Oil and Gas Sector |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 May 2006 |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> Fulfilling a campaign promise, on 6 August 2006, Morales opened the [[Bolivian Constituent Assembly]] to begin writing a new constitution aimed at giving more power to the indigenous majority.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5251306.stm |title=Push for new Bolivia constitution |work=BBC News |date=6 August 2006 |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327011109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5251306.stm |archive-date=27 March 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

2009 marked the creation of a new constitution and the renaming of the country to the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The previous constitution did not allow a consecutive reelection of a president, but the new constitution allowed for just one reelection, starting the dispute if Evo Morales was enabled to run for a second term arguing he was elected under the last constitution. This also triggered a new general election in which Evo Morales was re-elected with 61.36% of the vote. His party, [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement for Socialism]], also won a two-thirds majority in both houses of the [[National Congress of Bolivia|National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Carroll|first1=Rory|last2=Schipani|first2=Andres|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/07/morales-presidential-victory|title=Evo Morales wins landslide victory in Bolivian presidential elections|date=7 December 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 March 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519000700/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/07/morales-presidential-victory|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2013, after being reelected under the new constitution, Evo Morales and his party attempted a third term as President of Bolivia. The opposition argued that a third term would be unconstitutional, but the Bolivian Constitutional Court ruled that Morales' first term under the previous constitution did not count towards his term limit.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 May 2013|title=Bolivia: New law backs President Evo Morales third term|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-22605030|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211163602/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-22605030|url-status=live}}</ref> This allowed Evo Morales to run for a third term in 2014, and he was re-elected with 64.22% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/americas/bolivia-elections/index.html|title=Evo Morales declares victory in Bolivian election|author1=Carlos Montero|author2=Catherine E. Shoichet|website=CNN|date=12 October 2014|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217225042/https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/americas/bolivia-elections/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During his third term, Evo Morales began to plan for a fourth, and the [[2016 Bolivian constitutional referendum]] asked voters to override the constitution and allow Evo Morales to run for an additional term in office. Morales narrowly lost the referendum;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bolivians-protest-after-supreme-court-allows-president-evo-morales-to-run-for-fourth-term/a-46622525 |title=Bolivians protest after Supreme Court allows President Evo Morales to run for fourth term |date=6 December 2018 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027113640/https://www.dw.com/en/bolivians-protest-after-supreme-court-allows-president-evo-morales-to-run-for-fourth-term/a-46622525 |url-status=live}}</ref> however, in 2017 his party then petitioned the Bolivian Constitutional Court to override the constitution on the basis that the [[American Convention on Human Rights]] made term limits a human rights violation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nacla.org/news/2017/12/20/bolivia-says-goodbye-term-limits|title=Bolivia Says Goodbye to Term Limits|website=NACLA|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118180032/https://nacla.org/news/2017/12/20/bolivia-says-goodbye-term-limits|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] determined that term limits are not a human rights violation in 2018;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=S-011/18|title=OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development|last=OAS|date=1 August 2009|website=www.oas.org|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518235022/https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=S-011/18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2018)010-e|title=Venice Commission Report on Term-Limits Part I – Presidents|publisher=Council of Europe, Venice Commission|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906000942/https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2018)010-e|url-status=live}}</ref> however, once again the Bolivian Constitutional Court ruled that Morales has permission to run for a fourth term in the 2019 elections, and this permission was not retracted. "[T]he country's highest court overruled the constitution, scrapping term limits altogether for every office. Morales can now run for a fourth term in 2019 – and for every election thereafter."<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 December 2017|title=Evo for ever? Bolivia scraps term limits as critics blast "coup" to keep Morales in power|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/evo-morales-bolivia-president-election-limits|access-date=4 October 2020|website=The Guardian|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004030333/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/evo-morales-bolivia-president-election-limits|url-status=live}}</ref>

The revenues generated by the partial [[nationalization]] of hydrocarbons made it possible to finance several social measures: the Renta Dignidad (or old age minimum) for people over 60 years old; the Juana Azurduy voucher (named after the revolutionary Juana Azurduy de Padilla, 1780–1862), which ensures the complete coverage of medical expenses for pregnant women and their children in order to fight infant mortality; the Juancito Pinto voucher (named after a child hero of the Pacific War, 1879–1884), an aid paid until the end of secondary school to parents whose children are in school in order to combat school dropout, and the Single Health System, which since 2018 has offered all Bolivians free medical care.<ref>« Bolivia, una mirada a los logros más importantes del nuevo modelo económico », Economía Plural, La Paz, 2019.</ref>

The reforms adopted made the Bolivian economic system the most successful and stable in the region. Between 2006 and 2019, GDP grew from $9 billion to over $40 billion, real wages increased, GDP per capita tripled, foreign exchange reserves rose, inflation was essentially eliminated, and extreme poverty fell from 38% to 15%, a 23-point drop.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/es/cu%C3%A1les-son-las-claves-del-%C3%A9xito-econ%C3%B3mico-boliviano/a-49541834 | title=¿Cuáles son las claves del éxito económico boliviano? &#124; DW &#124; 12.07.2019 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] | access-date=13 November 2022 | archive-date=3 May 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503011154/https://www.dw.com/es/cu%C3%A1les-son-las-claves-del-%C3%A9xito-econ%C3%B3mico-boliviano/a-49541834 | url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Interim government 2019–2020 ====
{{See also|2019 Bolivian general election|2019 Bolivian political crisis}}

During the 2019 elections, the [[2019 Bolivian general election|''Transmisión de Resultados Electorales Preliminares'' (TREP)]] (a quick count process used in Latin America as a transparency measure in electoral processes) was interrupted; at the time, Morales had a lead of 46.86 percent to Mesa's 36.72, after 95.63 percent of tally sheets were counted.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=Guillaume|title=What Happened in Bolivia's 2019 Vote Count? The Role of the OAS Electoral Observation Mission|url=https://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/bolivia-elections-2019-11.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/bolivia-elections-2019-11.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|journal=Center for Economic and Policy Research|pages=18}}</ref> Two days after the interruption, the official count showed Morales fractionally clearing the 10-point margin he needed to avoid a runoff election, with the final official tally counted as 47.08 percent to Mesa's 36.51 percent, starting a wave of protests and tension in the country.

Amidst allegations of fraud perpetrated by the Morales government, widespread [[2019 Bolivian protests|protests]] were organized to dispute the election. On 10 November, the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) released a preliminary report concluding several irregularities in the election,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consulates in Argentina operational bases for Bolivian electoral fraud|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2019/12/14/consulates-in-argentina-operational-bases-for-bolivian-electoral-fraud|website=MercoPress|access-date=15 June 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615065319/https://en.mercopress.com/2019/12/14/consulates-in-argentina-operational-bases-for-bolivian-electoral-fraud|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Valdivia|first1=Walter D.|date=17 March 2020|title=Bolivia's Electoral Fraud Reckoning|first2=Diego|last2=Escobari|url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/evo-morales-bolivia-presidential-election-fraud-by-walter-d-valdivia-and-diego-escobari-2020-03|access-date=15 June 2020|website=Project Syndicate|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908131157/https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/evo-morales-bolivia-presidential-election-fraud-by-walter-d-valdivia-and-diego-escobari-2020-03|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=12 pruebas del supuesto fraude electoral presentadas por ingenieros de la UMSA|url=https://eldeber.com.bo/154574_12-pruebas-del-supuesto-fraude-electoral-presentadas-por-ingenieros-de-la-umsa|access-date=15 June 2020|website=El Deber|date=25 October 2019|language=es|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615065320/https://eldeber.com.bo/154574_12-pruebas-del-supuesto-fraude-electoral-presentadas-por-ingenieros-de-la-umsa|url-status=live}}</ref> though these findings were heavily disputed.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Anatoly Kurmanaev|author2=Maria Silvia Trigo|title=A Bitter Election. Accusations of Fraud. And Now Second Thoughts|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/world/americas/bolivia-election-evo-morales.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607230016/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/world/americas/bolivia-election-evo-morales.html |archive-date=7 June 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=5 August 2020|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 June 2020}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported on 7 June 2020 that the OAS analysis immediately after the 20 October election was flawed yet fuelled "a chain of events that changed the South American nation's history".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weisbrot|first=Mark|date=18 September 2020|title=Silence reigns on the US-backed coup against Evo Morales in Bolivia|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/18/silence-us-backed-coup-evo-morales-bolivia-american-states|access-date=23 October 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118195440/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/18/silence-us-backed-coup-evo-morales-bolivia-american-states|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|date=8 June 2020|title=The New York Times Admits Key Falsehoods That Drove Last Year's Coup in Bolivia: Falsehoods Peddled by the U.S., Its Media, and the Times|url=https://theintercept.com/2020/06/08/the-nyt-admits-key-falsehoods-that-drove-last-years-coup-in-bolivia-falsehoods-peddled-by-the-u-s-its-media-and-the-nyt/|access-date=23 October 2020|website=The Intercept|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921043143/https://theintercept.com/2020/06/08/the-nyt-admits-key-falsehoods-that-drove-last-years-coup-in-bolivia-falsehoods-peddled-by-the-u-s-its-media-and-the-nyt/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jordan|first=Chuck|date=4 September 2020|title=Congress should investigate OAS actions in Bolivia|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/515085-congress-should-investigate-oas-actions-in-bolivia|access-date=23 October 2020|website=The Hill|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024074517/https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/515085-congress-should-investigate-oas-actions-in-bolivia|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Mapa Electoral de Bolivia 2020 Bolivia.svg|thumb|[[2020 Bolivian general election]], results by department]]
[[File:Canciller Andrés Allamand participa del saludo protocolar al Presidente de Bolivia, Luis Arce, y al Vicepresidente, David Choquehuanca 02.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of [[Luis Arce]] and [[David Choquehuanca]] on 8 November 2020]]
After weeks of protests, Morales resigned on national television shortly after the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces General [[Williams Kaliman]] had urged that he do so to restore "peace and stability".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Londoño|first=Ernesto|date=10 November 2019|title=Bolivian Leader Evo Morales Steps Down|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/10/world/americas/evo-morales-bolivia.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/10/world/americas/evo-morales-bolivia.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited|work=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bolivia's president announces resignation|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-latin-america-50371215|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414232830/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-latin-america-50371215|url-status=live}}</ref> Opposition Senator [[Jeanine Áñez]] declared herself interim president, claiming constitutional succession after the president, vice president and both head of the legislature chambers. She was confirmed as interim president by the constitutional court who declared her succession to be constitutional and automatic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TCP reconoce posesión de Jeanine Añez|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/12/tcp-reconoce-posesion-de-jeanine-anez-237202.html|website=www.paginasiete.bo|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211023739/https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/12/tcp-reconoce-posesion-de-jeanine-anez-237202.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 November 2019|title=What's next for Bolivia?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50403648|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701232812/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50403648|url-status=live}}</ref> International politicians, scholars and journalists are divided between describing the event as a coup or a spontaneous social uprising against an unconstitutional fourth term.<ref name="BC2"><nowiki/>
*{{cite news|title=Bolivian President Evo Morales resigns|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50370013|newspaper=BBC News|date=11 November 2019|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125054606/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50370013|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|date=10 November 2019|title=Bolivian president Evo Morales resigns after election result dispute|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/10/bolivian-president-evo-morales-resigns-after-election-result-dispute|access-date=10 November 2019|website=The Guardian|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111055233/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/10/bolivian-president-evo-morales-resigns-after-election-result-dispute|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|date=11 November 2019|title=Nicaraguan government denounces "coup" in Bolivia: statement|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nicaragua-bolivia-idUSKBN1XL06O|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111222822/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nicaragua-bolivia-idUSKBN1XL06O|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|date=11 November 2019|title=Mexico says Bolivia suffered coup due to military pressure on Morales|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bolivia-election-mexico-minister/mexico-says-bolivia-suffered-coup-due-to-military-pressure-on-morales-idUSKBN1XL1S5|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112013317/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bolivia-election-mexico-minister/mexico-says-bolivia-suffered-coup-due-to-military-pressure-on-morales-idUSKBN1XL1S5|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|author=Sofia Sanchez Manzanaro|author2=Marta Rodríguez|date=12 November 2019|title=Evo Morales political asylum: Is Bolivia facing a coup d'etat?|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/11/11/evo-morales-resigns-is-bolivia-facing-a-coup-d-etat|website=Euronews|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118233243/https://www.euronews.com/2019/11/11/evo-morales-resigns-is-bolivia-facing-a-coup-d-etat|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|author=John Bowden|date=11 November 2019|title=Sanders "very concerned about what appears to be a coup" in Bolivia|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/469951-sanders-says-very-concerned-about-what-appear-to-be-a-coup-in-bolivia|website=The Hill|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605062922/https://thehill.com/policy/international/469951-sanders-says-very-concerned-about-what-appear-to-be-a-coup-in-bolivia|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|date=11 November 2019|title=AP Explains: Did a coup force Bolivia's Evo Morales out?|url=https://apnews.com/6b2c94306089451d9761878c9f7ce2f1|access-date=4 December 2019|website=[[Associated Press]]|quote=Whether the events Sunday in Bolivia constitute a coup d'état is now the subject of debate in and outside the nation.&nbsp;... Bolivia's 'coup' is largely a question of semantics|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024092220/https://apnews.com/6b2c94306089451d9761878c9f7ce2f1|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
*{{Cite news|last=Fisher|first=Max|date=12 November 2019|title=Bolivia Crisis Shows the Blurry Line Between Coup and Uprising|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/world/americas/bolivia-evo-morales-coup.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/world/americas/bolivia-evo-morales-coup.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited|access-date=4 December 2019|issn=0362-4331|quote=But the Cold War-era language of coups and revolutions demands that such cases fit into clear narratives.&nbsp;... Experts on Bolivia and on coups joined forces on Monday to challenge the black-and-white characterizations, urging pundits and social media personalities to see the shades of gray.}}{{cbignore}}
*{{cite web|last=de Haldevang|first=Max|date=15 November 2019|title=The world's as divided about Bolivia's alleged coup as Bolivians themselves|url=https://qz.com/1748281/experts-are-divided-on-evo-morales-and-bolivias-alleged-coup/|access-date=4 December 2019|website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|quote=So...<!-- The elipsis is used this way in the source. -->was it a coup? Experts are as divided as everyone else on the question.|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206124449/https://qz.com/1748281/experts-are-divided-on-evo-morales-and-bolivias-alleged-coup/|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Keith|title=Why Is Evo Morales Suddenly No Longer President of Bolivia?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/11/evo-morales-resigns-president-bolivia/|access-date=4 December 2019|website=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=11 November 2019|quote=It's not a coup in any sense of the word, and Bolivia and Latin America have experience with actual coups. The army did not take charge of Bolivia. Morales, despite his protestations that police had an arrest warrant for him, is not in custody or even being sought.|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215120051/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/11/evo-morales-resigns-president-bolivia/|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|date=14 November 2019|title=Bolivia reflects the deep polarization crisis in Latin America|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/bolivia-reflects-the-deep-polarization-crisis-in-latin-america/|access-date=4 December 2019|website=[[Atlantic Council]]|quote=Countries are debating why Evo Morales left power. Did he leave power of his own volition or was it a coup? There are two different responses to that question based on which country is speaking.|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204145704/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/bolivia-reflects-the-deep-polarization-crisis-in-latin-america/|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Adams|first=David C.|date=12 November 2019|title=Coup or not a coup? Bolivia's Evo Morales flees presidential crisis|url=https://www.univision.com/univision-news/latin-america/coup-or-no-coup-bolivias-presidential-crisis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204145422/https://www.univision.com/univision-news/latin-america/coup-or-no-coup-bolivias-presidential-crisis|archive-date=4 December 2019|publisher=[[Univision]]|quote=The discussion over whether it was a coup falls largely along ideological lines. Left wing supporters of Morales point like to point to a long history of military coups in Latin America, while critics of the former president point to the 14 years he spent in power, in violation of constitutional term limits.&nbsp;... But political experts say the events hardly resemble a classic coup scenario.&nbsp;... In a typical coup, the military usually take a more proactive role, taking up arms against the sitting ruler and installing one of their own in the presidential palace, at least temporarily.}}</ref> Protests to reinstate Morales as president continued becoming highly violent: burning public buses and private houses, destroying public infrastructure and harming pedestrians.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Concejales exigen rigurosidad en la investigación sobre la quema de los 66 buses PumaKatari|work=Concejo Municipal de La Paz |date=21 January 2021|url=https://www.concejomunicipal.bo/2021/01/21/concejales-exigen-rigurosidad-en-la-investigacion-sobre-la-quema-de-los-66-buses-pumakatari/|access-date=26 April 2021|language=es|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072523/https://www.concejomunicipal.bo/2021/01/21/concejales-exigen-rigurosidad-en-la-investigacion-sobre-la-quema-de-los-66-buses-pumakatari/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiscalía rechaza investigar la quema de buses Pumakatari|url=https://correodelsur.com/seguridad/20201203_fiscalia-rechaza-investigar-la-quema-de-buses-pumakatari.html|access-date=26 April 2021|website=Correo del Sur|language=es|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072522/https://correodelsur.com/seguridad/20201203_fiscalia-rechaza-investigar-la-quema-de-buses-pumakatari.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Interrumpen declaración de periodista que denunciaba quema de su casa ante la CIDH|url=http://anp-bolivia.com/interrumpen-declaracion-de-periodista-que-denunciaba-quema-de-su-casa-ante-la-cidh/|access-date=26 April 2021|website=Asociación Nacional de Prensa Boliviana|language=es|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608150751/https://anp-bolivia.com/interrumpen-declaracion-de-periodista-que-denunciaba-quema-de-su-casa-ante-la-cidh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Imputan por tres delitos a dos implicados en la quema de la casa de Waldo Albarracín|url=https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2020/01/24/imputan-por-tres-delitos-a-dos-implicados-en-la-quema-de-la-casa-de-waldo-albarracin/|access-date=26 April 2021|website=La Razón|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072522/https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2020/01/24/imputan-por-tres-delitos-a-dos-implicados-en-la-quema-de-la-casa-de-waldo-albarracin/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Las imágenes de una nueva jornada de violencia y tensión callejera en Bolivia tras la renuncia de Evo Morales|language=es|work=BBC News Mundo|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50384460|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072521/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50384460|url-status=live}}</ref> The protests were met with more violence by security forces against Morales supporters after Áñez exempted police and military from criminal responsibility in operations for "the restoration of order and public stability".<ref name="Estes 20192">{{Cite news|author=Nick Estes|date=26 November 2019|title=Is Bolivia turning into a rightwing military dictatorship?|work=The Guardian|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/26/bolivia-rightwing-military-dictatorship|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026032602/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/26/bolivia-rightwing-military-dictatorship|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Miranda|first=Boris|date=20 November 2020|title=Crisis en Bolivia: las violentas protestas de partidarios de Evo Morales dejan 6 muertos y críticas a la represión del gobierno interino|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50484092|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119124925/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50484092|archive-date=19 January 2020|language=es|newspaper=BBC News Mundo}}</ref>

In April 2020, the interim government took out a loan of more than $327&nbsp;million from the [[International Monetary Fund]] to meet the country's needs during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="sopitas1802212">{{cite news|last1=Ponce|first1=Erick|date=18 February 2021|title=¿Por qué Bolivia regresó crédito para enfrentar la pandemia de COVID al FMI?|language=es|work=Sopitas.com|url=https://www.sopitas.com/noticias/bolivia-regreso-credito-enfrentar-pandemia-covid-fmi/|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219014736/https://www.sopitas.com/noticias/bolivia-regreso-credito-enfrentar-pandemia-covid-fmi/|url-status=live}}</ref> New elections were scheduled for 3 May 2020. In response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]], the Bolivian electoral body, the TSE, made an announcement postponing the election. MAS reluctantly agreed with the first delay only. A date for the new election was delayed twice more, in the face of massive protests and violence.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2020|title=Bolivia, sumida en la violencia antes de las elecciones|url=https://www.dw.com/es/bolivia-sumida-en-la-violencia-antes-de-las-elecciones/a-55034034|access-date=4 October 2020|website=Deutsche Welle|language=es-ES|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006113632/https://www.dw.com/es/bolivia-sumida-en-la-violencia-antes-de-las-elecciones/a-55034034|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 March 2020|title=Copa Says Legislative Will Define New Election Date After Quarantine|url=http://www.la-razon.com/nacional/elecciones-presidencia-tse-asamblea_0_3336266412.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326150254/http://www.la-razon.com/nacional/elecciones-presidencia-tse-asamblea_0_3336266412.html|archive-date=26 March 2020|access-date=26 March 2020|website=La Razon|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 March 2020|title=Parties in the electoral race avoid fixing the date of the elections; await quarantine report|url=http://www.la-razon.com/nacional/elecciones-bolivia-partidos-tse-coronavirus_0_3336866313.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326150254/http://www.la-razon.com/nacional/elecciones-bolivia-partidos-tse-coronavirus_0_3336866313.html|archive-date=26 March 2020|access-date=26 March 2020|website=La Razon|language=es}}</ref> The final proposed date for the elections was 18 October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 September 2020|title=La Unión Europea enviará una misión de expertos a las elecciones de Bolivia del 18 de octubre|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2020/09/08/la-union-europea-enviara-una-mision-de-expertos-a-las-elecciones-de-bolivia-del-18-de-octubre/|access-date=10 September 2020|website=infobae|language=es-ES|archive-date=9 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909222810/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2020/09/08/la-union-europea-enviara-una-mision-de-expertos-a-las-elecciones-de-bolivia-del-18-de-octubre/|url-status=live}}</ref> Observers from the OAS, UNIORE, and the UN all reported that they found no fraudulent actions in the 2020 elections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ONU, OEA y Uniore descartan fraude en elecciones generales|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2020/10/23/onu-oea-uniore-descartan-fraude-en-elecciones-generales-272528.html|access-date=24 October 2020|website=www.paginasiete.bo|language=es|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225506/https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2020/10/23/onu-oea-uniore-descartan-fraude-en-elecciones-generales-272528.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[2020 Bolivian general election|general election]] had a record voter turnout of 88.4% and ended in a landslide win for MAS which took 55.1% of the votes compared to 28.8% for centrist former president Carlos Mesa. Both Mesa and Áñez conceded defeat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2020|title=Morales aide claims victory in Bolivia's election redo|url=https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-bolivia-evo-morales-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-a3a68ec5df5889cc4010d5329603cb20|access-date=19 October 2020|website=AP News|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020061433/https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-bolivia-evo-morales-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-a3a68ec5df5889cc4010d5329603cb20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 October 2020|title=How Bolivia's left returned to power months after Morales was forced out|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/23/bolivia-left-return-power-evo-morales-mas|access-date=24 October 2020|website=The Guardian|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024032405/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/23/bolivia-left-return-power-evo-morales-mas|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Government of Luis Arce: 2020 - present ====
On 8 November 2020, [[Luis Arce]] was sworn in as President of Bolivia alongside his Vice President [[David Choquehuanca]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolivia's Arce sworn in as socialists return to power after turbulent year |url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20201109-bolivia-s-arce-sworn-in-as-socialists-return-to-power-after-turbulent-year |work=France 24 |date=9 November 2020 |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208230256/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20201109-bolivia-s-arce-sworn-in-as-socialists-return-to-power-after-turbulent-year |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2021, the Arce government returned an amount of around $351&nbsp;million to the IMF. This comprised a loan of $327&nbsp;million taken out by the interim government in April 2020 and interest of around $24&nbsp;million. The government said it returned the loan to protect Bolivia's economic sovereignty and because the conditions attached to the loan were unacceptable.<ref name="sopitas1802212"/>

==== Coup d'état attempt of Juan José Zúñiga: 2024-present ====
{{main|2024 Bolivian coup d'état attempt}}

On 26 June 2024, a military coup attempt led by [[Juan José Zúñiga]] ended after lasting only 5 hours. In the evening of 26 June, Bolivian police arrested Zúñiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Daniel |date=June 26, 2024 |title=Bolivia coup attempt fails after military assault on presidential palace |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivias-president-slams-irregular-mobilization-army-units-2024-06-26/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=Rueters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/bolivian-president-survives-failed-coup-calls-democracy-respected | title=Bolivian president survives failed coup, calls for 'democracy to be respected,' army general arrested | website=[[Fox News]] | date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/26/americas/bolivia-coup-attempt-claims-intl-latam/index.html | title=Attempted coup in Bolivia fails after president calls on country to mobilize in defense of democracy | website=[[CNN]] | date=26 June 2024}}</ref>