Editing Biotechnology (section)

===Regulation===
{{main|Regulation of genetic engineering|Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms}}

The regulation of genetic engineering concerns approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the [[Biotechnology risk|risks]] associated with the use of [[genetic engineering]] technology, and the development and release of genetically modified organisms (GMO), including [[genetically modified crops]] and [[genetically modified fish]]. There are differences in the regulation of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europeans' distaste for gene-edited food |url=https://cen.acs.org/policy/Europeans-distaste-for-gene-edited-food/102/i32 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Chemical & Engineering News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spök |first1=Armin |last2=Sprink |first2=Thorben |last3=Allan |first3=Andrew C. |last4=Yamaguchi |first4=Tomiko |last5=Dayé |first5=Christian |date=2022-08-31 |title=Towards social acceptability of genome-edited plants in industrialised countries? Emerging evidence from Europe, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan |journal=Frontiers in Genome Editing |language=English |volume=4 |doi=10.3389/fgeed.2022.899331 |doi-access=free |pmid=36120531 |issn=2673-3439}}</ref> Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.<ref name="PotatoPro">{{Cite web |url=http://www.potatopro.com/newsletters/20100310.htm |title=The History and Future of GM Potatoes |date=March 10, 2010 |website=Potato Pro |access-date=January 1, 2014 |archive-date=October 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012033805/http://www.potatopro.com/newsletters/20100310.htm }}</ref> The European Union differentiates between approval for cultivation within the EU and approval for import and processing. While only a few GMOs have been approved for cultivation in the EU a number of GMOs have been approved for import and processing.<ref name="Wesseler-2011">{{Cite book |title=EU Policy for Agriculture, Food and Rural Areas |vauthors=Wesseler J, Kalaitzandonakes N |publisher=Wageningen Academic Publishers |year=2011 |veditors=Oskam A, Meesters G, Silvis H |edition=2nd |location=Wageningen |pages=23–332 |chapter=Present and Future EU GMO policy |author-link=Justus Wesseler}}</ref> The cultivation of GMOs has triggered a debate about the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops. Depending on the coexistence regulations, incentives for the cultivation of GM crops differ.<ref name="Beckman-2011">{{Cite book |title=Genetically modified food and global welfare |vauthors=Beckmann VC, Soregaroli J, Wesseler J |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |year=2011 |veditors=Carter C, Moschini G, Sheldon I |series=Frontiers of Economics and Globalization Series |volume=10 |location=Bingley, UK |pages=201–224 |chapter=Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-modified (non GM) crops: Are the two main property rights regimes equivalent with respect to the coexistence value? |author-link3=Justus Wesseler}}</ref>