Editing Berlin (section)

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Berlin}}

=== Topography ===
[[File:Berlin by Senitnel-2.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Berlin]]
[[File:Luftbild bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg|thumb|The outskirts of Berlin are covered with woodlands and numerous lakes.]]
Berlin is in northeastern Germany, in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flat [[topography]], part of the vast [[Northern European Plain]] which stretches all the way from northern France to western Russia. The ''Berliner Urstromtal'' (an ice age [[glacial valley]]), between the low [[Barnim Plateau]] to the north and the [[Teltow plateau]] to the south, was formed by meltwater flowing from ice sheets at the end of the last [[Weichselian glaciation]]. The [[Spree (river)|Spree]] follows this valley now. In Spandau, a borough in the west of Berlin, the Spree empties into the river [[Havel]], which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The course of the Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and the [[Großer Wannsee]]. A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through the [[Müggelsee|Großer Müggelsee]] in eastern Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=52.5333,13.38000&spn=0.060339,0.085316&t=k|title=Satellite Image Berlin|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=18 August 2008|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218131221/https://www.google.com/maps?ll=52.5333,13.38000&spn=0.060339,0.085316&t=k|url-status=live}}</ref>

Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughs [[Reinickendorf]] and [[Pankow]] lie on the Barnim Plateau, while most of the boroughs of [[Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf]], [[Steglitz-Zehlendorf]], [[Tempelhof-Schöneberg]], and [[Neukölln]] lie on the Teltow Plateau.

The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Glacial Valley and partly on the Nauen Plain, which stretches to the west of Berlin. Since 2015, the Arkenberge hills in Pankow at {{convert|122|m|sp=us}} elevation, have been the highest point in Berlin. Through the disposal of construction debris they surpassed [[Teufelsberg]] ({{cvt|120.1|m|disp=or}}), which itself was made up of rubble from the ruins of the Second World War.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.qiez.de/pankow/wohnen-und-leben/gruenes-berlin/der-hoechste-berg-von-berlin-liegt-nun-in-pankow-arkenberge/169588800 |title=Berlin hat eine neue Spitze |trans-title=Berlin has a new top |first=Nikolaus |last=Triantafillou |access-date=11 November 2018 |language=de |publisher=Qiez |date=27 January 2015 |archive-date=22 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722225809/https://www.qiez.de/pankow/wohnen-und-leben/gruenes-berlin/der-hoechste-berg-von-berlin-liegt-nun-in-pankow-arkenberge/169588800 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Müggelberge]] at {{convert|114.7|m|sp=us}} elevation is the highest natural point and the lowest is the Spektesee in Spandau, at {{convert|28.1|m|sp=us}} elevation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/bezirke/pankow/das-ist-die-hoehe-arkenberge-der-hoechste-berg-von-berlin-ist-neuerdings-in-pankow/11406254.html |title=Der höchste Berg von Berlin ist neuerdings in Pankow |trans-title=The tallest mountain in Berlin is now in Pankow |date=22 February 2015 |access-date=22 February 2015 |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |first=Stefan |last=Jacobs |language=de |archive-date=19 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519014725/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/bezirke/pankow/das-ist-die-hoehe-arkenberge-der-hoechste-berg-von-berlin-ist-neuerdings-in-pankow/11406254.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Berlin has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58301&cityname=Berlin,+Germany|title=Berlin, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130184209/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58301&cityname=Berlin,+Germany|url-status=live}}</ref> bordering on a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb''). This type of climate features mild to very warm summer temperatures and cold, though not very severe, winters. Annual precipitation is modest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58301&cityname=Berlin%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany&units=|title=Berlin, Germany Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629211853/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58301&cityname=Berlin%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany&units=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Elkins |first1=Dorothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Berlin: The Spatial Structure of a Divided City |last2=Elkins |first2=T. H. |last3=Hofmeister |first3=B. |date=4 August 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135835057 |language=en |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218131221/https://books.google.com/books?id=8VqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Frosts are common in winter, and there are larger temperature differences between seasons than typical for many [[oceanic climate]]s. Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of {{cvt|22|–|25|C}} and lows of {{cvt|12|–|14|C}}. Winters are cold with average high temperatures of {{cvt|3|C}} and lows of {{cvt|−2|to|0|C}}. Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild. Berlin's built-up area creates a microclimate, with [[Urban heat island|heat stored by the city's buildings and pavement]]. Temperatures can be {{cvt|4|C-change|sigfig=1}} higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.com/|title=weather.com|publisher=weather.com|access-date=7 April 2012|archive-date=23 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323015551/https://www.weather.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Annual precipitation is {{convert|570|mm|sp=us}} with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainly occurs from December through March.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldweather.org/016/c00059.htm|title=Climate figures|website=World Weather Information Service|access-date=18 August 2008|archive-date=17 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817114255/https://www.worldweather.org/016/c00059.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The hottest month in Berlin was July 1757, with a mean temperature of {{cvt|23.9|C}} and the coldest was [[Great Frost of 1709|January 1709]], with a mean temperature of {{cvt|-13.2|C}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/tberlintem.html|title=Temperaturmonatsmittel BERLIN-TEMPELHOF 1701- 1993|website=old.wetterzentrale.de|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702031754/https://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/tberlintem.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The wettest month on record was July 1907, with {{convert|230|mm|sp=us}} of rainfall, whereas the driest were October 1866, November 1902, October 1908 and September 1928, all with {{convert|1|mm|3|sp=us}} of rainfall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/pberlinda.html|title=Niederschlagsmonatssummen BERLIN-DAHLEM 1848– 1990|website=old.wetterzentrale.de|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707182905/https://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/pberlinda.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Weather box
| location = Berlin (Brandenburg), 1991–2020, extremes 1957–2024
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 15.1
| Feb record high C = 19.2
| Mar record high C = 25.8
| Apr record high C = 30.8
| May record high C = 32.7
| Jun record high C = 38.4
| Jul record high C = 38.3
| Aug record high C = 38.0
| Sep record high C = 34.1
| Oct record high C = 27.7
| Nov record high C = 20.9
| Dec record high C = 15.6
| year record high C = 
| Jan avg record high C = 10.6
| Feb avg record high C = 12.4
| Mar avg record high C = 17.9
| Apr avg record high C = 24.0
| May avg record high C = 28.4
| Jun avg record high C = 31.5
| Jul avg record high C = 32.7
| Aug avg record high C = 32.7
| Sep avg record high C = 26.9
| Oct avg record high C = 21.5
| Nov avg record high C = 14.8
| Dec avg record high C = 11.2
| year avg record high C = 34.8
| Jan high C = 3.2
| Feb high C = 4.9
| Mar high C = 9.0
| Apr high C = 15.1
| May high C = 19.6
| Jun high C = 22.9
| Jul high C = 25.0
| Aug high C = 24.8
| Sep high C = 19.8
| Oct high C = 13.9
| Nov high C = 7.7
| Dec high C = 4.1
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = 0.7
| Feb mean C = 1.6
| Mar mean C = 4.6
| Apr mean C = 9.7
| May mean C = 14.2
| Jun mean C = 17.6
| Jul mean C = 19.6
| Aug mean C = 19.2
| Sep mean C = 14.7
| Oct mean C = 9.6
| Nov mean C = 4.9
| Dec mean C = 1.8
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = -2.2
| Feb low C = -1.8
| Mar low C = 0.4
| Apr low C = 4.0
| May low C = 8.2
| Jun low C = 11.7
| Jul low C = 14.0
| Aug low C = 13.5
| Sep low C = 9.8
| Oct low C = 5.6
| Nov low C = 1.9
| Dec low C = -0.9
| year low C = 
| Jan avg record low C = -12.0
| Feb avg record low C = -9.5
| Mar avg record low C = -5.8
| Apr avg record low C = -2.6
| May avg record low C = 1.7
| Jun avg record low C = 6.3
| Jul avg record low C = 8.9
| Aug avg record low C = 8.1
| Sep avg record low C = 3.9
| Oct avg record low C = -1.3
| Nov avg record low C = -5.0
| Dec avg record low C = -8.9
| year avg record low C = -14.2
| Jan record low C = -25.3
| Feb record low C = -22.0
| Mar record low C = -19.1
| Apr record low C = -7.4
| May record low C = -2.8
| Jun record low C = 1.3
| Jul record low C = 4.9
| Aug record low C = 4.6
| Sep record low C = -0.9
| Oct record low C = -7.7
| Nov record low C = -17.8
| Dec record low C = -24.0
| year record low C = 
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 41.5
| Feb precipitation mm = 30.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 35.9
| Apr precipitation mm = 27.7
| May precipitation mm = 52.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 60.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 70.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 52.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 43.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 40.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 38.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 39.1
| year precipitation mm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 15.8
| Feb precipitation days = 13.9
| Mar precipitation days = 14
| Apr precipitation days = 10.9
| May precipitation days = 12.8
| Jun precipitation days = 12.4
| Jul precipitation days = 13.4
| Aug precipitation days = 12.7
| Sep precipitation days = 11.6
| Oct precipitation days = 13.6
| Nov precipitation days = 14.5
| Dec precipitation days = 16.4
| year precipitation days = 
| unit snow days = 1.0 cm
| Jan snow days = 8.4
| Feb snow days = 6.8
| Mar snow days = 2.6
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 1.4
| Dec snow days = 4.9
| year snow days = 
| Jan humidity = 85.9
| Feb humidity = 81.2
| Mar humidity = 75.8
| Apr humidity = 67.2
| May humidity = 66.9
| Jun humidity = 66.3
| Jul humidity = 67
| Aug humidity = 68.5
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 82.7
| Nov humidity = 87.8
| Dec humidity = 87.5
| year humidity = 
| Jan sun = 52.6
| Feb sun = 77.9
| Mar sun = 126.7
| Apr sun = 196.4
| May sun = 231.1
| Jun sun = 232.9
| Jul sun = 233.7
| Aug sun = 222.2
| Sep sun = 168.9
| Oct sun = 113.8
| Nov sun = 57.4
| Dec sun = 45.0
| year sun = 
| source 1 = Data derived from [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html|title=Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – CDC (Climate Data Center)|website=www.dwd.de|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=19 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619232425/https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NCEI]](days with precipitation and snow, humidity)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Berlin-Brandenburg_10385.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Berlin-Brandenburg |access-date=11 April 2024 |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosphric Administration]] |format=CSV |quote=WMO number: 10385}}</ref>
| date = 15 September 2022
| source = 
}}
{{Weather box    
| collapsed    = y
| metric first = y
| single line  = y
| location     = Berlin ([[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]]), {{convert|58|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1961–1990 normals, extremes 1908–present
|Jan record high C = 15.2
|Feb record high C = 18.6
|Mar record high C = 25.1
|Apr record high C = 30.9
|May record high C = 33.3 
|Jun record high C = 36.1 
|Jul record high C = 37.9 
|Aug record high C = 37.7 
|Sep record high C = 34.2
|Oct record high C = 27.5 
|Nov record high C = 19.5 
|Dec record high C = 15.7
| Jan mean C  =-0.4
| Feb mean C  =0.6
| Mar mean C  =4.0
| Apr mean C  =8.4
| May mean C  =13.5
| Jun mean C  =16.7
| Jul mean C  =17.9
| Aug mean C  =17.2
| Sep mean C  =13.5
| Oct mean C  =9.3
| Nov mean C  =4.6
| Dec mean C  =1.2
| Jan high C  =1.8    
| Feb high C  =3.5    
| Mar high C  =7.9    
| Apr high C  =13.1    
| May high C  =18.6    
| Jun high C  =21.8    
| Jul high C  =23.1    
| Aug high C  =22.8    
| Sep high C  =18.7    
| Oct high C  =13.3    
| Nov high C  =7.0    
| Dec high C  =3.2           
| Jan low C  =-2.9
| Feb low C  =-2.2
| Mar low C  =0.5
| Apr low C  =3.9    
| May low C  =8.2    
| Jun low C  =11.4      
| Jul low C  =12.9     
| Aug low C  =12.4     
| Sep low C  =9.4      
| Oct low C  =5.9    
| Nov low C  =2.1   
| Dec low C  =-1.1       
|Jan record low C = -21.0
|Feb record low C = -26.0
|Mar record low C = -16.5
|Apr record low C = -6.7
|May record low C = -2.9
|Jun record low C = 0.8
|Jul record low C = 5.4
|Aug record low C = 4.7
|Sep record low C = -0.5
|Oct record low C = -9.6
|Nov record low C = -16.1
|Dec record low C = -20.2
| precipitation colour  = green
| Jan precipitation mm  =43.0    
| Feb precipitation mm  =37.0     
| Mar precipitation mm  =38.0    
| Apr precipitation mm  =42.0     
| May precipitation mm  =55.0     
| Jun precipitation mm  =71.0    
| Jul precipitation mm  =53.0     
| Aug precipitation mm  =65.0     
| Sep precipitation mm  =46.0     
| Oct precipitation mm  =36.0     
| Nov precipitation mm  =50.0    
| Dec precipitation mm  =55.0         
| Jan sun  =45.4
| Feb sun  =72.3
| Mar sun  =122.0
| Apr sun  =157.7
| May sun  =221.6
| Jun sun  =220.9
| Jul sun  =217.9
| Aug sun  =210.2
| Sep sun  =156.3
| Oct sun  =110.9
| Nov sun  =52.4
| Dec sun  =37.4
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =10.0
| Feb precipitation days  =9.0
| Mar precipitation days  =8.0
| Apr precipitation days  =9.0
| May precipitation days  =10.0
| Jun precipitation days  =10.0
| Jul precipitation days  =9.0
| Aug precipitation days  =9.0
| Sep precipitation days  =9.0
| Oct precipitation days  =8.0
| Nov precipitation days  =10.0
| Dec precipitation days  =11.0
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10381.TXT
| title = Berlin (10381) – WMO Weather Station
| access-date = 30 January 2019
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAABerlin Archived] 30 January 2019, at the [[Wayback Machine]]</ref>
|source 2 = Berliner Extremwerte<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.berliner-extremwerte.com/Berliner-Extremwerte.htm |title = Berliner Extremwerte |access-date = 1 December 2014 |archive-date = 6 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200606191249/https://www.berliner-extremwerte.com/Berliner-Extremwerte.htm |url-status = live }}</ref>
}}