Editing Bayonne (section)

===Renaissance and modern times===
[[File:Bayonne place du réduit vue de la citadelle.JPG|thumb|View of the ramparts overlooking the river]]
[[File:Echauguette (Bayonne).jpg|thumb|alt=Photographie d'une échauguette de pierre blanche se détachant au-dessus d'un pont.|The [[Bartizan]] on the Redoubt, restored in 2005]]
[[File:Bayonne remparts.jpg|thumb|The ramparts of Bayonne]]

[[Jean de Dunois]] – a former companion at arms of [[Joan of Arc]]—captured the city on 20 August 1451 and annexed it to the Crown "without making too many victims", but at the cost of a war indemnity of 40,000 gold [[Écu]]s payable in a year,<ref group="PH" name="p159">p. 159.</ref>—thanks to the opportunism of the bishop who claimed to have seen "a large white cross surmounted by a crown which turns into a fleur-de-lis in the sky" to dissuade Bayonne from fighting against the royal troops.<ref group="Note">The siege lasted nine days from 12 to 20 August 1451 according to Pierre Hourmat, ''History of Bayonne origins to the French Revolution of 1789'', Society of Arts Science & Arts of Bayonne,1986, p. 143.</ref><ref group="PH" name="p142">p. 142.</ref>

The city continued to be fortified by the kings of France to protect it from danger from the Spanish border. In 1454, [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] created a separate judicial district: the ''[[Seneschal]] of Lannes''<ref>Léon Cadier, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140716001642/http://1886.u-bordeaux3.fr/items/show/9538 '' Seneschal of Lannes under Charles VII, royal administration and provincials states''], A. Picard, Paris, 1885, 92 pages, consulted 16 June 2014 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> a "single subdivision of [[Guyenne]] during the English period" which had jurisdiction over a wide area including Bayonne, [[Dax, Landes|Dax]] and [[Saint-Sever]] and which exercised civil justice, criminal jurisdiction within the competence of the district councilors. Over time, the "Seneschal of the Sword", which was at Dax, lost any role other than protocol, and Bayonne, along with Dax and Saint-Sever, became the de facto seat of a separate Seneschal under the authority of a "lieutenant-general of the Seneschal".<ref group="PH" name="p160">p. 160.</ref>

In May 1462, King [[Louis XI]] authorized the holding of two annual fairs<ref group="Note">Two annual fairs: one on the first day of Lent and the other 1 August: "[...] grant them free fairs in perpetuity of all Aydes, imposicions, impostz and any other subsidies qualxconques, which one will be held the first day of karesme and the other on the first day of August [...]" as [https://books.google.com/books?id=4-ZZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA469 letters patent of Louis XI] established at [[Montferrand, Puy-de-Dôme|Montferrand]] in May 1462.</ref> by letters patent after signing the Treaty of Bayonne after which it was confirmed by the coutoumes of the inhabitants in July 1472 following the death of [[Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry]], the king's brother.<ref group="PH" name="p164">p. 164.</ref>

At the time the [[Spanish Inquisition]] raged in the Iberian Peninsula, [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] fled Spain and also later, Portugal, then settled in Southern France, including in [[Saint-Esprit (Pyrénées-Atlantiques)]], a northern district of Bayonne located along the northern bank of the [[Adour]] river. They brought with them [[chocolate]] and the recipe for its preparation.<ref group="DN" name="p27">p. 27.</ref> In 1750, the Jewish population in [[Saint-Esprit (Pyrénées-Atlantiques)]] is estimated to have reached about 3,500 people.

The golden age of the city ended in the 15th century with the loss of trade with England and the silting of the port of Bayonne created by the movement of the course of the Adour to the north.<ref group="EG" name="p187">p. 187.</ref>

At the beginning of the 16th century [[Labourd]] suffered the emergence of the [[Bubonic plague|plague]]. Its path can be tracked by reading the ''Registers''.<ref>''Gascon Registers'', Vol. 1, pp. 44, 53, 141, 154, 158–159, 195, and 233—cited by Manex Goyhenetche, ''General History of Basque Country III: Economic and social revolution from the 16th to the 18th century'', Vol. 3, Donostia / Bayonne, Elkarlanean,? 2001, 411 p. ({{ISBN|8483317443}} and {{ISBN|9788483317440}}, {{OCLC|466971263}}), p. 42–43. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> In July 1515, the city of Bayonne was "prohibited to welcome people from plague-stricken places" and on 21 October, "we inhibit and prohibit all peasants and residents of this city [...] to go Parish Bidart [...] because of the contagion of the plague". On 11 April 1518, the plague raged in [[Saint-Jean-de-Luz]] and the city of Bayonne "inhibited and prohibited for all peasants and city inhabitants and other foreigners to maintain relationships at the location and Parish of Saint-Jean-de-Luz where people have died of the plague". On 11 November 1518, the plague was present in Bayonne to the point that in 1519 the city council moved to the district of Brindos (Berindos at the time) in [[Anglet]].<ref>Ferdinand Barbe, ''The Epidemics of pestilence in Bayonne in the 16th century'', Bulletin de la Société des sciences et lettres de Bayonne, 1947—cited by Manex Goyhenetche, ''General History of Basque Country III: Economic and social revolution from the 16th to the 18th century'', Vol. 3, Donostia / Bayonne, Elkarlanean,? 2001, 411 p. ({{ISBN|8483317443}} and {{ISBN|9788483317440}}, {{OCLC|466971263}}), p. 42. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

In 1523, Marshal [[Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec]] resisted the Spaniards under [[Philibert of Chalon]] in the service of [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] and lifted the siege of Bayonne.<ref group="PiH" name="p11">p. 11.</ref> It was at Château-Vieux that the ransom demand for the release of Francis I, taken prisoner after his defeat at the [[Battle of Pavia]], was gathered.<ref group="PiH" name="p11" /><ref group="Note">Francis I was replaced as a captive by his two eldest sons: [[Francis III, Duke of Brittany]], and [[Henry II of France]] who were finally released in 1530 after payment of the ransom.</ref>

The meeting in 1565 between [[Catherine de Medici]] and the envoy of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]: the Duke of Alba, is known as the ''Interview of Bayonne''. At the time that [[Catholics]] and [[Protestants]] tore each other apart in parts of the kingdom of France, Bayonne seemed relatively untouched by these troubles.<ref>Vincent Hiribarren, ''Bayonne at the beginning of the [[Wars of Religion]]'', Revue d’histoire de Bayonne, du Pays basque et du Bas-Adour, Vol. 159, 2004, p. 95–122 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> An iron fist from the city leaders did not appear to be unknown. In fact, they never hesitated to use violence and criminal sanctions for keeping order in the name of the "public good".<ref>Vincent Hiribarren, [http://www.vincenthiribarren.com/pdf/Hiribarren-Maitrise.pdf ''For God, King, and the good of the city, Bayonne deliberations from 1565 to 1569''], Memoir by Maitrise under the direction of [[Denis Crouzet]], université Paris IV-Sorbonne, June 2003, 137 p. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Two brothers, Saubat and Johannes Sorhaindo who were both lieutenants of the mayor of Bayonne in the second half of the 16th century, perfectly embody this period. They often wavered between Catholicism and Protestantism but always wanted to ensure the unity and prestige of the city.<ref>Vincent Hiribarren, ''A lion at the head of a thousand sheep. the Sorhaindo family in Bayonne at the end of the 16th century'', Vol. 166, Bulletin of the Basque museum, 2005, p. 19–34. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

In the 16th century, the king's engineers, under the direction of Louis de Foix, were dispatched to rearrange the course of the Adour by creating an estuary to maintain the river bed. The river discharged in the right place to the Ocean on 28 October 1578.<ref group="PH" name="p214">p. 214.</ref> The port of Bayonne then attained a greater level of activity. Fishing for [[cod]] and [[whale]] ensured the wealth of fishermen and shipowners.

From 1611 to 1612, the college Principal of Bayonne was a man of 26 years old with a future: [[Cornelius Jansen]] known as ''Jansénius'', the future [[Bishop of Ypres]]. Bayonne became the birthplace of [[Jansenism]], an austere science which strongly disrupted the monarchy of [[Louis XIV]].<ref>Pierre Hourmat, Bulletin SSLAB, Collection No. 157, ''The City of Bayonne Library'', p. 257 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>Pierre Hourmat, Bulletin SSLAB, Collection No. 158, ''The City of Bayonne Library'', p. 158 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>

During the sporadic conflicts that troubled the French countryside from the mid 17th century, Bayonne peasants were short of powder and projectiles. They attached the long hunting knives in the barrels of their muskets and that way they fashioned makeshift spears later called ''[[bayonet]]s''.<ref>François Noel, L. J. M. Carpentier, Puissant (Mr.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=vssUAAAAYAAJ&dq=ba%C3%AFonnette+%2B+R%C3%A9giment+Royal-Artillerie+%2B+%221670%22&pg=PA143 ''New Dictionary of the origins, inventions, and discoveries in arts, sciences, geography, agriculture, commerce etc.''], Janet et Cotelle, 1833, p. 143 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> In that same century, [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]] was charged by [[Louis XIV]] to fortify the city. He added a citadel built on a hill overlooking the district of ''San Espirit Cap deou do Punt''.<ref>Pierre Hourmat, ''Vauban and the fortifications of Pyrénées-Atlantiques'', Société des Sciences Lettres & Arts de Bayonne, 1984, p. 32 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>

[[File:Bayonne-Le réduit-20110309.jpg|thumb|upright=3.0|center|The Redoubt, a system of fortifications destroyed at the beginning of the 20th century, seen from the Quai de l'Amiral-Lesseps]]