Editing Battle of the Plains of Abraham (section)

===First engagements===
[[File:Battle of the Plains of Abraham 2.svg|thumb|left|First phase of the battle]]
In total, Montcalm had 13,390 regular troops, [[Troupes de la Marine]], and [[militia]] available in Quebec City and along the Beauport shore, as well as 200 [[cavalry]], 200 artillery (including the guns of Quebec), 400 [[First Nations in Canada|native warriors]] (including many [[Odawa people|Odawa]] under [[Charles de Langlade]]),<ref>{{Harvnb|Casgrain|1905|p=112}}.</ref> and 140 [[Acadia]]n [[Military volunteer|volunteers]], but most of these troops did not participate in the action. Many of the militia were inexperienced; the Acadian, Canadian, and indigenous [[irregulars]] were more used to guerrilla warfare. By contrast, the British 7,700 troops were almost all [[Regular Army|regulars]].<ref name="s117">{{cite web | title=Military history of Quebec City : 1608-2008 / Serge Bernier, Jacques Castonguay, André Charbonneau, Yvon Desloges, Larry Ostola. : R62-391/2007E-PDF | website=Publications du gouvernement du Canada | date=1 July 2002 | url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/fra/9.889526/publication.html | language=fr | access-date=26 February 2025|page=143}}</ref>

On the morning of 13 September, Wolfe's army formed a line first with their backs to the river, then spread out across the Plains with its right anchored by the bluff along the St. Lawrence and its left by a bluff and thick wood above the St. Charles River. While the regular French forces were approaching from Beauport and Quebec, the Canadian militia and native sharpshooters engaged the British left flank, sheltering in the trees and scrub; the militia held these positions throughout the battle and fell back on this line during the general retreat, eventually holding the bridge over the St. Charles River.<ref>{{Harvnb|Reid|2003|p=61}}.</ref>

Of the British troops, approximately 3,300 formed into a shallow [[horseshoe]] formation that stretched across the width of the Plains, the main firing line being roughly one kilometre long. Two battalions were deployed, facing north, to cover the left flank and a further two formed a reserve. In order to cover the entire plain, Wolfe was forced to array his soldiers two ranks deep, rather than the more conventional three ranks. On the left wing, regiments under Townshend exchanged fire with the militia in the scrub and captured a small collection of houses and [[gristmill]] to anchor the line. The defenders pushed the British from one house, but were repelled and, in retreat, lit several houses on fire to keep them out of enemy hands. Smoke from these fires wound up masking the British left, and may have confused Montcalm as to the width of the lines.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hibbert|1959|p=148}}.</ref> As Wolfe's men waited for the defenders, the steady fire became intense enough that Wolfe ordered his men to lie down amid the high grass and brush.<ref>{{Harvnb|Reid|2003|p=69}}.</ref>

[[Image:Montcalm leading his troops at the Plains of Abraham.jpg|thumb|Montcalm leading his troops into battle. Watercolour by [[Charles William Jefferys]] (1869–1951)]]
As French troops arrived from Beauport, Montcalm, one of few mounted men on the field, decided that a swift assault was the only way to dislodge the British from their position.  Accordingly, he deployed the forces immediately available in and near Quebec City and prepared an immediate attack, without waiting for further reinforcements from the Beauport shore.  He arrayed his approximately 3,500 soldiers into place, his best regulars three deep, others six deep and his poorest regiment in column. At approximately 10&nbsp;a.m., Montcalm, riding his dark horse and waving his sword to encourage his men,<ref>{{Harvnb|Chartrand|1999|p=86}}.</ref> ordered a general advance on the British line.<ref name="w567">{{cite web | title=Montcalm, Wolfe and the memory of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=September 12, 2013 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-path-of-glory-the-plains-of-abraham-feature | access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref>

As a European-trained military leader, Montcalm's instinct was for large, set-piece battles in which regiments and soldiers moved in precise order.  Such actions required a disciplined soldiery, painstakingly drilled for as long as 18 months on the parade ground, trained to march in time, change formation at a word, and retain cohesion in the face of bayonet charges and musket volleys.<ref name="Eccles, pp. 197"/> Though his regular regiments (the "troupes de terre" or "metropolitans") were adept at such formal warfare, in the course of the campaign their ranks had been replenished by less professional militiamen, whose talents at forest warfare emphasised the individual: they tended to fire early and then drop to the ground to reload, thus reducing the effect of concentrated fire at close range.<ref name="Eccles, pp. 182">{{Harvnb|Eccles|1969|p=182}}.</ref>