Editing Ayahuasca (section)

=== Ayahuasca religions ===
Although ''mestizo'', ''vegetalista'' and indigenous ayahuasca use was part of a longer tradition, these several configurations of ''mestizo vegetalismo'' were not isolated phenomena. In the end of the nineteenth century, several messianic/[[Millennialism|millennialist]] cults sparkled across semi-urban areas across the entire Amazon region, merging different elements of indigenous and ''mestizo'' folk culture with Catholicism, Spiritism and [[Protestantism]].<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oro |first=Ari Pedro |title=Na Amazônia um messias de índios e brancos: traços para uma antropologia do messianismo. |publisher=Petrópolis, Vozes/ Porto Alegre, EDIPUCRS |year=1989}}</ref> In this context, the use of ayahuasca will take form of urban, organized non-indigenous religions in outskirts of main cities of northwest of Brazil, (along the basins of [[Madeira River|Madeira]], [[Juruá River|Juruá]] and [[Purus River]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goulart |first=Sandra Lúcia |title=As Raízes culturais do Santo Daime |journal=Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao programa de pós-graduação de Antropologia Social da FFLCH-USP |publication-date=1996}}</ref> within the ''cauchero/seringueiro'' cultural complex, resignifying and adapting both the ''vegetalista'' and ''mestizo'' shamanism to new urban formations, unifying essential elements to building a cosmology for the new emerging cult/faith, merging with elements of folk Catholicism, African-Brazilian religions and Kardecist spiritism. These new cults arise from charismatic leaderships, often messianic and prophetic, who came from rural areas after migration movements, sometimes called ''ayahuasqueiros'', in semi-urban communities across the borders of Brazil, Bolívia and Peru (a region that will later form the state of [[Acre (state)|Acre]]).<ref name=":42" /> This new configuration of these belief systems is referred by Goulart as ''tradição religiosa ayahuasqueira urbana amazônica'' ("urban-amazonian ''ayahuasqueiro'' religious tradition")<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goulart |first=Sandra Lúcia |title=Contrastes e Continuidades em uma Tradição Amazônica: as Religiões da Ayahuasca |publisher=Tese de Doutorado em Ciências Sociais apresentada ao Departamento de Antropologia do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas |year=2004}}</ref> or ''campo ayahuasqueiro brasileiro'' ("brazilian ''ayahuasqueiro'' field") by Labate,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Labate |first=Beatriz Cauby |title=A reinvenção do uso da ayahuasca nos centros urbanos |publisher=Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao curso de Antropologia Social do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas da Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP) |year=2000}}</ref> emerging as three main structured religions, the Santo Daime and Barquinha, in [[Rio Branco, Acre|Rio Branco]] and the União do Vegetal (UDV) in [[Porto Velho]], three denominations that, notwithstanding shared characteristics besides ayahuasca utilization, have several particularities regarding its practices, conceptions and processes building social legitimacy and relationships with Brazilian government, media, science and other society stances.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goulart |first=Sandra Lúcia |title=O universo cultural das religiões ayahuasqueiras brasileiras e a questão das drogas |journal=Reunião Equatorial de Antropologia e Reunião de Antropólogos do Norte e Nordeste}}</ref> Since the latter half of twentieth century, the ayahuasca religious expanded to other parts of Brazil and several countries in the world, notably in the West.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Labate, B.C. |author2=Rose, I.S. |author3=Santos, R.G. |name-list-style=amp |title=Ayahuasca Religions: a comprehensive bibliography and critical essays |location=Santa Cruz |publisher=Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies – MAPS |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9798622-1-2}}</ref>