Editing Arthur Phillip (section)

==Colonial service==
{{see also|Convicts in Australia}}
[[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich|Lord Sandwich]], together with the president of the [[Royal Society]], Sir [[Joseph Banks]], the scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant [[James Cook]] on his [[First voyage of James Cook|1770 voyage]], was advocating the establishment of a British colony in [[Botany Bay]], [[New South Wales]].{{sfn|Frost|Moutinho|1995|p=110}}{{Sfn|Gascoigne|1998|p=187}} Banks accepted an offer of assistance from the American [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|loyalist]] [[James Matra]] in July 1783. Under Banks' guidance, Matra rapidly produced "A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales" (24&nbsp;August 1783), with a fully developed set of reasons for a colony composed of American loyalists, Chinese, and South Sea Islanders (but not convicts).{{sfn|Carter|1988|p=5}} Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney, as Secretary of State for the Home Office and minister in charge, decided to establish the proposed colony in Australia.{{sfn|Barton|1889|loc=chapter 1.4}}{{sfn|Kemp|2018|loc=chapter 2}} This decision was taken for two reasons: the ending of the option to [[Penal transportation|transport criminals]] to North America following the [[American Revolution]], and the need for a base in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] to counter [[French colonial empire|French expansion]].{{sfn|Kemp|2018|loc=chapter 2}}

In September 1786, Phillip was appointed commodore of the fleet, which came to be known as the [[First Fleet]]. His assignment was to transport convicts and soldiers to establish a colony at Botany Bay. Upon arriving there, Phillip was to assume the powers of [[captain general]] and [[Governor of New South Wales|governor in chief]] of the new colony. A subsidiary colony was to be founded on [[Norfolk Island]], as recommended by Sir [[John Call]] and Sir [[George Young (Royal Navy officer)|George Young]], to take advantage of that island's native flax ([[harakeke]]) and timber for naval purposes.{{sfn|Atkinson|1990|p=22}}{{sfn|King|2003|pp=21–22}}

===Voyage to Colony of New South Wales===
{{See also|First Fleet}}
On 25&nbsp;October 1786, the 20-gun {{HMS|Sirius|1786|6}}, lying in the dock at Deptford, was commissioned, with the command given to Phillip. The armed tender HMAT Supply (also known as {{HMS|Supply|1759|6}}),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.australianhistoryresearch.info/hmat-supply-vs-hms-supply/ | title=HMAT Supply vs HMS Supply | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> under the command of Lieutenant [[Henry Lidgbird Ball]], was also commissioned to join the expedition.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}}{{sfn|Thompson|2006}}{{sfn|Berney|2014}} On 15 December, Captain [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]] was assigned as second captain to ''Sirius'' to command in the absence of Phillip, who as governor of the colony, would be where the seat of government was to be fixed.{{sfn|Hunter|1793|loc=chapter 1}}

The fleet of 11 ships and about 1,500 people, under Phillip's command, sailed from [[Portsmouth]], England, on 13&nbsp;May 1787; {{HMS|Hyaena|1778|6}} provided an escort out of British waters.{{sfn|Phillip|1789|loc=chapter 2}}{{sfn|Frost|2012|p=118}}{{sfn|Horne|1972}} On 3&nbsp;June 1787, the fleet anchored at [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Santa Cruz]], [[Tenerife]].{{sfn|Gutenberg|2019}} On 10&nbsp;June they set sail to cross the Atlantic to Rio de Janeiro, taking advantage of favourable [[trade wind]]s and ocean currents.{{sfn|Gutenberg|2019}} The Fleet reached Rio de Janeiro on 5&nbsp;August and stayed for a month to resupply.{{sfn|Gutenberg|2019}}{{sfn|King|2018|p=10}} The Fleet left Rio de Janeiro on 4&nbsp;September to run before the [[westerlies]] to [[Table Bay]] in Southern Africa, which it reached on 13&nbsp;October; this was the last port of call before Botany Bay. On 25&nbsp;November, Phillip transferred from the ''Sirius'' to the faster ''Supply'', and with the faster ships of the fleet hastened ahead to prepare for the arrival of the rest of the fleet. However, this "flying squadron", as [[Alan Frost|Frost]] called it, reached Botany Bay only hours before the rest of the Fleet, so no preparatory work was possible.{{sfn|Frost|2012|p=175}} ''Supply'' reached Botany Bay on 18&nbsp;January 1788; the three fastest transports in the advance group arrived on 19&nbsp;January; slower ships, including ''Sirius'', arrived on 20&nbsp;January.{{sfn|Phillip|1789|loc=chapter 2}}{{sfn|Gutenberg|2019}}
[[File:The First Fleet entering Port Jackson, January 26, 1788, drawn 1888 A9333001h.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The landing of the First Fleet in [[Port Jackson]], Australia in 1788]]

Phillip soon decided that the site, chosen on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, who had accompanied James Cook in 1770, was not suitable, since it had poor soil, no secure anchorage, and no reliable water source. Cook was an explorer and Banks had a scientific interest, whereas Phillip's differing assessment of the site came from his perspective as, quoted by Tyrrell, "custodian of over a thousand convicts" for whom he was responsible.{{sfn|Tyrrell|2018|p=29}} After some exploration, Phillip decided to go on to [[Port Jackson]], and on 26&nbsp;January, the marines and the convicts landed at a cove, which Phillip [[Sydney Cove|named for Lord Sydney]].{{sfn|Sydney}}{{sfn|Morison|1944}} This date later became Australia's national day, [[Australia Day]]. Governor Phillip formally proclaimed the colony on 7&nbsp;February 1788 in Sydney. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Phillip famously described as: "being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World [...] Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security."{{sfn|Phillip|1788}}

===Establishing a settlement===
{{See also|History of Australia (1788–1850)}}
[[File:The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788.jpg|thumb|360px|left|''The Founding of Australia By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N., Sydney Cove, Jan. {{notatypo|26th}} 1788''.<br/>Painting by [[Algernon Talmage]], 1937.]]

On 26&nbsp;January, the Union Jack was raised, and possession of the land was taken formally in the name of King [[George&nbsp;III]].{{sfn|Phillip|1789|loc=chapter 7}}{{sfn|Collins|1798|loc=chapter 1}} The next day, sailors from ''Sirius'', a party of marines, and a number of male convicts were disembarked to fell timber and clear the ground for the erection of tents.{{sfn|Collins|1798|loc=chapter 1}}{{sfn|Tench|1789|loc=chapter 9}}{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} The remaining large company of male convicts disembarked from the transports over the following days.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} Phillip himself structured the ordering of the camp. His own tent as governor and those of his attendant staff and servants were set on the east side of [[Tank Stream]], with the tents of the male convicts and marines on the west.{{sfn|Tench|1789|loc=chapter 9}}{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} During this time, priority was given to building permanent storehouses for the settlement's provisions.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} On 29&nbsp;January, the governor's portable house was placed, and livestock were landed the next day.{{sfn|Tench|1789|loc=chapter 9}} The female convicts disembarked on 6&nbsp;February; the general camp for the women was to the north of the governor's house and separated from the male convicts by the houses of chaplain [[Richard Johnson (chaplain)|Richard Johnson]] and the [[Judge Advocate of New South Wales|Judge Advocate]], Marine Captain [[David Collins (lieutenant governor)|David Collins]].{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} On 7&nbsp;February 1788, Phillip and his government were formally inaugurated.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}}{{sfn|Phillip|1789|loc=chapter 8}}

On 15&nbsp;February 1788, Phillip sent Lieutenant Philip Gidley King with a party of 23, including 15 convicts, to establish the colony at [[Norfolk Island]], partly in response to a perceived threat of losing the island to the French, and partly to establish an alternative food source for the mainland colony.{{sfn|Shaw|1967}}

===Governor of New South Wales===
When Phillip was appointed as governor-designate of the colony and began to plan the expedition, he requested that the convicts that were being sent be trained; only twelve carpenters and a few men who knew anything about agriculture were sent. Seamen with technical and building skills were commandeered immediately.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}}

Phillip established a civil administration, with courts of law, that applied to everyone living in the settlement. Two convicts, [[Henry Kable|Henry]] and Susannah Kable, sought to sue Duncan Sinclair, the captain of the ''Alexander'', for stealing their possessions during the voyage. Sinclair, believing that as convicts they had no protection from the law, as was the case in Britain, boasted that he could not be sued. Despite this, the court found for the plaintiffs and ordered the captain to make restitution for the theft of the Kables' possessions.{{sfn|Macquarie}}

Phillip had drawn up a detailed memorandum of his plans for the proposed new colony. In one paragraph he wrote: "The laws of this country [England] will of course, be introduced in [New] South Wales, and there is one that I would wish to take place from the moment his Majesty's forces take possession of the country: That there can be no slavery in a free land, and consequently no slaves."{{sfn|Britton|1894|p=53}} Nevertheless, Phillip believed in severe discipline; floggings and hangings were commonplace, although Phillip [[Commutation (law)|commuted many death sentences]]. The settlement's supplies were rationed equally to convicts, officers, and marines, and females were given two-thirds of the weekly males' rations.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} In late February, six convicts were brought before the criminal court for stealing supplies. They were sentenced to death; the ringleader, [[Thomas Barrett (convict)|Thomas Barrett]], was hanged that day. Phillip gave the rest a reprieve. They were banished to an island in the harbour and given only bread and water.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}}

The governor also expanded the settlement's knowledge of the landscape. Two officers from ''Sirius'', Captain John Hunter and Lieutenant [[William Bradley (Royal Navy officer)|William Bradley]], conducted a thorough survey of the harbour at Sydney Cove. Phillip later joined them on an expedition to survey [[Broken Bay]].{{sfn|Moyal|2017}}

The fleet's ships left over the next months, with ''Sirius'' and ''Supply'' remaining in the colony under command of the governor. They were used to survey and map the coastlines and waterways. [[Scurvy]] broke out, so ''Sirius'' left Port Jackson for [[Cape Town]] under the command of Hunter in October 1788, having been sent for supplies. The voyage, which completed a [[circumnavigation]], returned to Sydney Cove in April, just in time to save the near-starving colony.{{sfn|Hunter|1793|loc=chapter 5}}

[[File:ArthurPhillipStatueSydney gobeirne.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Arthur Phillip in the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney]]]]
As an experienced farmhand, Phillip's appointed servant Henry Edward Dodd, served as farm superintendent at [[Farm Cove, New South Wales|Farm Cove]], where he successfully cultivated the first crops, later moving to [[Rose Hill, New South Wales|Rose Hill]], where the soil was better. [[James Ruse]], a convict, was later appointed to the position after Dodd died in 1791.{{sfn|Morgan|2016}}{{sfn|Gray|1966}} When Ruse succeeded in the farming endeavours, he received the colony's first land grant.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967b}}

In June 1790, more convicts arrived with the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]], but {{HMS|Guardian|1784|6}}, carrying more supplies, was disabled en&nbsp;route after hitting an iceberg, leaving the colony low on provisions again.{{sfn|Rees|2009}}{{sfn|Britton|1894|p=367}} ''Supply'', the only ship left under colonial command after ''Sirius'' was wrecked 19 March 1790 trying to land men and supplies on Norfolk Island, was sent to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] for supplies.{{sfn|Parsons|1966}}{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018b}} The colony's isolation meant that it took almost two years for Phillip to receive replies to his dispatches from his superiors in London.{{sfn|Tink|2009|pp=37–38}}

In late 1792, Phillip, whose health was suffering, relinquished the governorship to Major [[Francis Grose (British Army officer)|Francis Grose]], lieutenant-governor and commander of [[New South Wales Corps]]. On 11&nbsp;December 1792, Phillip left for Britain, on the ''[[Atlantic (1783 ship)|Atlantic]]'', which had arrived with convicts of the Third Fleet.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}} Phillip was unable to follow his original intention of returning to Port Jackson once his health was restored, as medical advice compelled him to resign formally on 23&nbsp;July 1793.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}}{{sfn|Pembroke|2013}}

===Military personnel in colony===
The main challenge for order and harmony in the settlement came not from the convicts secured there on terms of good behaviour, but from the attitude of officers from the [[New South Wales Marine Corps]]. As Commander in Chief, Phillip was in command of both the naval and marine forces; his naval officers readily obeyed his commands, but a measure of co-operation from the marine officers ran against their tradition. Major [[Robert Ross (British Marines officer)|Robert Ross]] and his officers (with the exception of a few such as [[David Collins (lieutenant governor)|David Collins]], [[Watkin Tench]], and [[William Dawes (British Marines officer)|William Dawes]]) refused to do anything other than guard duty, claiming that they were neither gaolers, supervisors, nor policemen.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}}

Four companies of marines, consisting of 160 privates with 52 officers and NCO's, accompanied the First Fleet to Botany Bay. In addition, there were 34 officers and men serving in the Ship's Complement of Marines aboard ''Sirius'' and ''Supply'', bringing the total to 246 who departed England.{{sfn|Moore|1987}}

Ross supported and encouraged his fellow officers in their conflicts with Phillip, engaged in clashes of his own, and complained of the governor's actions to the Home Office.{{sfn|Macmillan|1967}} Phillip, more placid and forbearing in temperament, was anxious in the interests of the community as a whole to avoid friction between the civil and military authorities. Though firm in his attitude, he endeavoured to placate Ross, but to little effect. In the end, he solved the problem by ordering Ross to Norfolk Island on 5 March 1790 to replace the commandant there.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}}

Beginning with guards arriving with the Second and Third fleets, but officially with the arrival of {{HMS|Gorgon|1785|6}} on 22 September 1791, the New South Wales Marines were relieved by a newly formed British Army regiment of foot, the [[New South Wales Corps]].{{sfn|Stanley|1986|page=18}} On 18 December 1791, ''Gorgon'' left Port Jackson, taking home the larger part of the still-serving New South Wales Marines. There remained in New South Wales a company of active marines serving under Captain [[George Johnston (British Marines officer)|George Johnston]], who had been Phillip's [[aide-de-camp]], that transferred to the New South Wales Corps.{{sfn|Stanley|1986|page=18}} Also remaining in the colony were discharged marines, many of whom became settlers. The official departure of the last serving marines from the colony was in December 1792, with Governor Phillip on ''Atlantic''.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}}

Major [[Francis Grose (British Army officer)|Francis Grose]], commander of the New South Wales Corps, had replaced Ross as the Lieutenant-Governor and took over command of the colony when Phillip returned to Britain.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}}

===Relations with indigenous peoples===
Phillip's official orders with regard to [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] people were to "conciliate their affections", to "live in amity and kindness with them", and to punish anyone who should "wantonly destroy them, or give them any unnecessary interruption in the exercise of their several occupations".{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=42}} The first meeting between the colonists and the [[Eora]], Aboriginal people, happened in Botany Bay. When Phillip went ashore, gifts were exchanged, thus Phillip and the officers began their relationship with the Eora through gift-giving, hilarity, and dancing, but also by showing them what their guns could do.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=44}}{{sfn|Berney|2014}} Anyone found harming or killing Aboriginal people without provocation would be severely punished.{{sfn|Berney|2014}}

After the early meetings, dancing, and musket demonstrations, the Eora avoided the settlement in Sydney Cove for the first year, but they warned and then attacked whenever colonists trespassed on their lands away from the settlement.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=44}} Part of Phillip's early plan for peaceful cohabitation had been to persuade some Eora, preferably a family, to come and live in the town with the British so that the colonists could learn about the Eora's language, beliefs, and customs.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|pp=44–45}}

By the end of the first year, as none of the Eora had come to live in the settlement, Phillip decided on a more ruthless strategy, and ordered the capture of some Eora warriors. The man who was captured was [[Arabanoo]], from whom Phillip and his officers started to learn language and customs. Arabanoo died in April 1789 of [[smallpox]], which also ravaged the rest of the Eora population.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=45}} Phillip again ordered the boats to [[Manly Cove]], where two more warriors were captured, [[Colebe|Coleby]] and [[Bennelong]]; Coleby soon escaped, but Bennelong remained.{{sfn|Berney|2014}}{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=45}} Bennelong and Phillip formed a kind of friendship, before he too escaped.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=45}}

Four months after Bennelong escaped from Sydney, Phillip was invited to a whale feast at Manly. Bennelong greeted him in a friendly and jovial way. Phillip was suddenly surrounded by warriors and speared in the shoulder by a man called [[Willemering]]. He ordered his men not to retaliate.{{sfn|Tink|2009|pp=42–43}}{{sfn|Tench|1789}} Phillip, perhaps realising that the spearing was in retaliation for the kidnapping, ordered no actions to be taken over it. Friendly relations were reestablished afterwards, with Bennelong even returning to Sydney with his family.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=46}}

Even though there were now friendly relations with the Indigenous people around Sydney Cove, the same couldn't be said about the ones around Botany Bay, who had killed or wounded 17 colonists.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=43}} Phillip despatched orders, as quoted by Tench, "to put to death ten{{nbsp}}... [and] cut off the heads of the slain{{nbsp}}... to infuse a universal terror, which might operate to prevent further mischief".{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=43}} Even though two expeditions were despatched under command of [[Watkin Tench]], no one was apprehended.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=43}}{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=48}}

On 11 December 1792, when Phillip returned to Britain, Bennelong and another Aboriginal man named [[Yemmerrawanne]] (or Imeerawanyee) travelled with him on the ''Atlantic''.{{sfn|SBS}}{{sfn|Tench|1789|p=167}}