Editing Arnold J. Toynbee (section)

==Views on the post-World War I peace settlement and geopolitical situation==
In his 1915 book ''Nationality & the War'', Toynbee argued that any eventual postwar [[peace settlement]] should be guided by the principle of [[nationality]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOO1CwAAQBAJ&dq=nationality+and+the+war+toynbee&pg=PA219|isbn=978-1-317-17005-1|title=Camera Graeca: Photographs, Narratives, Materialities|date=9 March 2016|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> In Chapter IV of his 1916 [[book]] ''The New Europe: Essays in Reconstruction'', Toynbee argued against the competing principle of "natural borders."<ref name="toynbee">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIHTAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+New+Europe:+Some+Essays+in+Reconstruction&pg=PA9|title=The New Europe: Some Essays in Reconstruction|year=1916|last1=Toynbee |first1=Arnold }}</ref> Toynbee encouraged the use of [[Referendum|plebiscites]] for the allocation of disputed territories,<ref name="toynbee" /> an idea brought to fruition by the postwar use of plebiscites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/amonographonple00wambgoog|title=A Monograph on Plebiscites: With a Collection of Official Documants|year=1920|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6evAwAAQBAJ&dq=saar+plebiscite+1935&pg=PA238|isbn=978-1-62356-603-6|title=Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy|date=December 2002|publisher=A&C Black}}</ref> 

In his 1915 book ''Nationality & the War'', Toynbee offered various elaborate proposals and predictions for the future of various countries, both European and non-European. For example, he advocated an autonomous Poland in a federal arrangement with Russia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalitywar00toyngoog/page/n320/mode/2up?q=slovenia|title=Nationality & the War|year=1915|publisher=J.M. Dent & sons}}</ref> the retention of Austro-Hungarian dominion over Czech and Slovak lands,<ref name="new republic">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjUyAQAAMAAJ&dq=posen+toynbee&pg=PA326|title=The New Republic|year=1917 |publisher=Republic Publishing Company}}</ref> Austro-Hungarian relinquishment of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]], [[Transylvania]], and [[Bukovina]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalitywar00toyngoog/page/n336/mode/2up?q=slovenia|title=Nationality & the War|year=1915|publisher=J.M. Dent & sons}}</ref> independence for [[Bosnia]], [[Croatia]], and [[Slovenia]],<ref name="new republic" /> the division of [[Bessarabia]] between Russia and Romania and joint use by those two countries of the port of [[Odessa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalitywar00toyngoog/page/n338/mode/2up?q=odessa|title=Nationality & the War|year=1915|publisher=J.M. Dent & sons}}</ref> Russian acquisition of [[Outer Mongolia]] and the [[Tarim Basin]] in central Asia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalitywar00toyngoog/page/n362/mode/2up?q=slovenia|title=Nationality & the War|year=1915|publisher=J.M. Dent & sons}}</ref> and of [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] and the [[Armenian Vilayets]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalitywar00toyngoog/page/n424/mode/2up?q=slovenia|title=Nationality & the War|year=1915|publisher=J.M. Dent & sons}}</ref> a strong, independent, central government in Persia.<ref name="persia">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalitywar00toyngoog/page/n490/mode/2up?q=persia|title=Nationality & the War|year=1915|publisher=J.M. Dent & sons}}</ref> and a Russo-British partitioning of [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalitywar00toyngoog/page/n498/mode/2up?q=afghanistan|title=Nationality & the War|year=1915|publisher=J.M. Dent & sons}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalitywar00toyngoog/page/n500/mode/2up?q=afghanistan|title=Nationality & the War|year=1915|publisher=J.M. Dent & sons}}</ref>