Editing Arabic calligraphy (section)

==Scripts==

=== Kufic ===
{{Main|Kufic}}
[[File:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic.jpg|thumb|Qur'an folio 11th century kufic]]
Originally used for inscription on stone and metal, the Kufic style of Arabic calligraphy received its name due to its birth in the city of [[Kufa]], Iraq. This script is one of the oldest scripts used in Arabic and [[Islamic calligraphy]]; due to this, the style has undergone many evolutions and changes in its life course, as many attempts were made to perfect it. However, this also led to the development of many different variations of this script, such as the floriated Kufic, square Kufic, knotted Kufic, and many others. This also means there are few distinguishing features of the Kufic script.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=أنواع الخطوط وأشكالها المختلفة |url=https://www.baianat.com/ar/books/arabic-calligraphy-culture/types-of-fonts-and-its-different-shapes |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=بيانات |language=ar-Eg}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=September 2024}}

The Kufic style has been used almost exclusively for Arabic, as opposed to other languages, such as [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]], that are written in systems derived from Arabic; a single exception to this is a series of Persian rhymes found on a building in [[Ghazni]] from the 11th century.{{Sfn|Schimmel|Rivolta|1992|p=6}}

=== Naskh ===
{{Main|Naskh (script)}}
[[File:Qur'an folio in black Naskh script with Persian translation in red Nasta‘liq script.jpg|thumb|Qur'an folio in black Naskh script with Persian translation in red Nasta‘liq script]]
Known as the Naskh or Naskhī script, this script is said to have originated from [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} The script is used as a cursive script, for example on papyrus and paper. The origins of the style are debated by scholars, but some believe it initially stemmed from the [[Thuluth]] script.But recent discoveries in Jabal Sala in Medina have proven that the Naskh script precedes the Thuluth script and that it existed before Ibn Muqla al-Shirazi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-24 |title=Naskh Script- Arabic calligraphy |url=https://www.arabic-calligraphy.com/arabic-calligraphy-styles/naskh/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> One of the main usages for this script was for writing the [[Quran]] but it was also used for inscription on metal antiquities, woods and other objects of decorative purpose. The main evolutionary periods for this script were the 3rd and 4th centuries AH, coinciding with the evolution other similar popular styles such as the [[Rayhani script|Rayhani]], [[Thuluth|Thulth]], and [[Muhaqqaq]].<ref name=":0" />

===Other scripts===
The [[Thuluth]] and [[Nasta'liq]] and [[Diwani]] script are other scripts used for Arabic scripting.

The Thuluth script, used during the medieval times, is known as one of the oldest scripts to exist. The script was used in mosques and for Quranic text due to the appearance of the text.

The Nasta'liq script is used more for Persian than Arabic scripting. Because of the upward slant to the left, the script is seen as different from the other scripts.<ref name="shutterstock.com">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=Arabic Writing and Scripts: A Brief Guide &#124; Shutterstock |url=https://www.shutterstock.com/blog/a-brief-guide-to-arabic-scripts-and-calligraphy}}</ref>

The Diwani script was created during the Ottoman era. The lining and lettering of this script creates a sense of closeness when writing. Due to this reason, it is difficult to read since the letters intertwine.<ref name="shutterstock.com"/>
[[File:Folio of an album in Thuluth script.jpg|thumb|Folio of an album in Thuluth script]]
A few other examples:<ref name=":0" />

* [[Rayhani script|Rayhani]] script
* [[Muhaqqaq]] script
* [[Ruqʿah script|Ruq'ah]] script