Editing Arabic (section)

=== Neo-Arabic ===
[[Charles A. Ferguson|Charles Ferguson]]'s [[koiné language|koine]] theory claims that the modern Arabic dialects collectively descend from a single military koine that sprang up during the Islamic conquests; this view has been challenged in recent times. Ahmad al-Jallad proposes that there were at least two considerably distinct types of Arabic on the eve of the conquests: Northern and Central (Al-Jallad 2009). The modern dialects emerged from a new contact situation produced following the conquests. Instead of the emergence of a single or multiple koines, the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of borrowed and areal features, which they absorbed at different points in their linguistic histories.<ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com">{{Cite journal|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects|publisher= Brill Reference|journal=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics|access-date=2016-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=live|date=2011-05-30|last1=Al-Jallad|first1=Ahmad}}</ref> According to Veersteegh and Bickerton, colloquial Arabic dialects arose from [[pidgin]]ized Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Pidginization and subsequent [[creolization]] among Arabs and [[Arabization|arabized]] peoples could explain relative morphological and phonological simplicity of vernacular Arabic compared to Classical and MSA.{{sfn|Versteegh|2014|p=299}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VM6M1351GWsC&pg=PA198|title=Diathesis in the Semitic Languages: A Comparative Morphological Study|last=Retsö|first=Jan|date=1989|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-08818-4|language=en|access-date=16 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004104045/https://books.google.com/books?id=VM6M1351GWsC&pg=PA198|archive-date=4 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In around the 11th and 12th centuries in [[al-Andalus]], the ''[[zajal]]'' and [[Muwashshah|''muwashah'']] poetry forms developed in the [[Andalusian Arabic|dialectical Arabic of Cordoba]] and the Maghreb.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ibn Khaldūn|author-link=Ibn Khaldun|title=The Muqaddimah : An Introduction to History|isbn=978-0-691-16628-5|oclc=913459792|publication-date=27 April 2015|date=1967|orig-date=work in the original language written in 1377|publisher=Princeton University Press|translator-last=Rosenthal|translator-first=Franz|translator-link=Franz Rosenthal|editor-last=Dawood|editor-first=N. J.|editor-link=N. J. Dawood}}</ref>