Editing Antonín Dvořák (section)

===United States===
[[File:Dvorak Antonin rodina USA.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Dvořák with his family and friends in New York in 1893 - from left: his wife Anna, son Antonín, Sadie Siebert, {{ill|Josef Jan Kovařík|cs}} (secretary), mother of Sadie Siebert, daughter {{ill|Otilie Suková|lt=Otilie|cs|Otilie Suková-Dvořáková}}, Antonín.<ref name = Burghauser82>{{Harvnb|Burghauser|2006|p=82}} "Dvořákova rodina s přáteli na dvoře domu v New Yorku v roce 1893 [zleva manželka Anna, syn Antonín, Sadie Siebertová, Josef Jan Kovařík, matka Sadie Siebertové, dcera Otilie, Antonín Dvořák]."</ref>]]

From 1892 to 1895, Dvořák was the director of the [[National Conservatory of Music of America|National Conservatory of Music]] in New York City. The Conservatory's President, [[Jeannette Thurber]], offered Dvořák an annual salary of $15,000 – an incredibly lavish sum for the era ({{Inflation|US|15000|1892|fmt=eq}}), twenty-five times what he was paid at the Prague Conservatory.<ref name="Döge 2001">{{Cite journal|last=Döge|first=Klaus|date=20 January 2001|title=Dvorák, Antonín (Leopold)|journal=Grove Music Online|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51222}}</ref><ref name ="Deal">{{Citation | first = Michael | last = Cooper | title = The Deal that Brought Dvorak to New York | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/24/arts/music/the-deal-that-brought-dvorak-to-new-york.html | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 23 August 2013}}.</ref> Emanuel Rubin<ref>Rubin, Emanuel, Chapter 6. Dvořák at the National Conservatory in {{harvnb|Tibbets|1993}}</ref> describes the Conservatory and Dvořák's time there. Thurber, a wealthy and philanthropic woman, made it open to women and black students as well as white men, which was unusual for the times. Dvořák's original contract provided for three hours a day of work, including teaching and conducting, six days a week, with four months of vacation each summer.<ref name ="Deal"/> The [[Panic of 1893]], a severe economic depression, depleted the assets of the Thurber family and other patrons of the Conservatory. In 1894, Dvořák's salary was cut to $8,000 per year and moreover was paid only irregularly.<ref name = "Deal"/>  The Conservatory was located at 126–128 [[17th Street (Manhattan)|East Seventeenth Street]],{{Efn|{{Coord|40|44|08.5|N|73|59|14|W|type:landmark}} at the southeast corner of the intersection with Irving Place, a block east of [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]]}}<ref name = "songlines">{{Citation | author-link = Jim Naureckas| last = Naureckas | first = Jim | contribution-url = http://www.nysonglines.com/17st.htm | title = New York Songlines | contribution = Seventeenth Street | date = 13 June 2006}}.</ref> but was demolished in 1911 and replaced by what is today a high school.

Dvořák's main goal in America was to discover "American Music" and engage in it, much as he had used Czech folk idioms within his music. Shortly after his arrival in America in 1892, Dvořák wrote a series of newspaper articles reflecting on the state of American music. He supported the concept that African-American and Native American music should be used as a foundation for the growth of American music. He felt that through the music of Native Americans and African-Americans, Americans would find their own national style of music.{{sfn|Beckerman|1992}} Here Dvořák met [[Harry Burleigh]], who later became one of the earliest African-American composers. Burleigh introduced Dvořák to traditional [[African-American spirituals]].<ref name = "De Lerma">{{Citation | last = De Lerma | first = Dominique-René | contribution-url = http://www.dramonline.org/albums/african-heritage-symphonic-series-vol-i/notes | title = African Heritage Symphonic Series | volume = I | at = Liner note | contribution = Essay | series = [[Cedille Records]] | publisher = Dram online | id = CDR055}}.</ref>

In the winter and spring of 1893, Dvořák was commissioned by the [[New York Philharmonic]] to write [[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 9]], ''From the New World'', which was premiered under the baton of [[Anton Seidl]], to tumultuous applause. Clapham writes that "without question this was one of the greatest triumphs, and very possibly the greatest triumph of all that Dvořák experienced" in his life, and when the Symphony was published it was "seized on by conductors and orchestras" all over the world.{{sfn|Clapham|1979b|p=132}}

Two months before leaving for America, Dvořák hired {{ill|Josef Jan Kovařík|cs}} as his secretary, who had just finished violin studies at the Prague Conservatory and was about to return to his home in the United States. There he continued to serve as Dvořák's secretary and lived with the Dvořák family.{{sfn|Clapham|1979b|pp=112–13}} He had come from the [[Czech language|Czech]]-speaking community of [[Spillville, Iowa]], where his father Jan Josef Kovařík was a schoolmaster. Dvořák decided to spend the summer of 1893 in Spillville, along with all his family; he referred to it as his "summer Vysoka."{{sfn|Clapham|1979b|pp=119–20}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tibbetts|first=John|title=Dvorák in America|publisher=Amadeus Press|year=1993|isbn=0-931340-56-X|pages=84}}</ref> While there he composed the [[String Quartet No. 12 (Dvořák)|String Quartet in F]] (the "American") and the [[String Quintet No. 3 (Dvořák)|String Quintet in E{{music|flat}} major]]. Back in New York that autumn, he composed his [[Violin Sonatina (Dvořák)|Sonatina for violin and piano]]. He also conducted a performance of his [[Symphony No. 8 (Dvořák)|Eighth Symphony]] at the [[World's Columbian Exposition|Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago that same year.

In the winter of 1894–95, Dvořák wrote his [[Cello Concerto (Dvořák)|Cello Concerto in B minor]], Op. 104, B. 191, completed in February 1895.{{sfn|Burghauser|1960|p=322}} However, due to homesickness, his partially unpaid salary,<ref name = "Deal"/> and increasing recognition in Europe – he had been made an honorary member of the [[Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde]] in Vienna – he decided to return to Bohemia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dvořák's family |url=https://www.classicfm.com/composers/dvorak/guides/dvorak-facts/dvorak-family/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Classic FM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Antonin Dvorak {{!}} Music 101 |url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-musicapp-medieval-modern/chapter/antonin-dvorak/#:~:text=But%20shortfalls%20in%20payment%20of,some%20of%20his%20choral%20works. |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref> He informed Thurber that he was leaving. Dvořák and his wife left New York before the end of the spring term, with no intention of returning.

Dvořák's New York home was located at 327 [[17th Street (Manhattan)|East Seventeenth Street]], near the intersection of what is today called [[Nathan David Perlman|Perlman]] Place.{{Efn|{{Coord |40|44|03|N|73|58|57|W|type:landmark}}}}
It was in this house that both the B minor Cello Concerto and the New World Symphony were written within a few years. Despite protests, from Czech President [[Václav Havel]] among others who wanted the house preserved as a historical site, it was demolished in 1991 to make room for a [[Beth Israel Medical Center]] residence for people with AIDS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Horowitz|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/10/arts/music-czech-composer-american-hero.html|title=Music; Czech Composer, American Hero|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 February 2002|access-date=3 November 2007|quote=In 1991, the New York City Council was petitioned by Beth Israel Hospital to permit the demolition of a small row house at 327 East 17th Street, once the home of Antonín Dvořák.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | type = editorial | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/07/nyregion/dvorak-s-homecoming-with-music.html | title = Dvorak's Homecoming, With Music | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 7 September 1997}} (concerning when the house was removed).</ref><ref>{{Citation | type = editorial | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/23/opinion/topics-of-the-times-the-new-world-at-city-hall.html | title = Topics of the Times, The New World at City Hall | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 23 June 1991}} (concerning the circumstances under which the house was removed).</ref> In 2017, this residence was converted into a homeless shelter.<ref>{{cite web |title=BRC Homeless Safe Haven |url=https://www.brc.org/locations |website=BRC Website |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526135947/https://www.brc.org/locations |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McCarthy |first1=Clara |title=Homeless Facility To Open In Gramercy |url=https://patch.com/new-york/east-village/homeless-facility-open-stuy-town |website=Patch |date=30 June 2017 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> To honor Dvořák, a statue of him was erected in nearby [[Stuyvesant Square]].<ref name="songlines" />

Brahms continued to try to "clear a path for" Dvořák, "the only contemporary whom he considered really worthy".{{sfn|Gál|1971|p=151}} While Dvořák was in America, Simrock was still publishing his music in Germany, and Brahms corrected proofs for him. Dvořák said it was hard to understand why Brahms would "take on the very tedious job of proofreading. I don't believe there is another musician of his stature in the whole world who would do such a thing."{{sfn|Gál|1971|p=151}}