Editing Antisemitism (section)

===Religious antisemitism===
{{Main|Religious antisemitism}}
{{See also|Anti-Judaism|Antisemitism in Christianity|Antisemitism in Islam}}
[[File:Execution of Mariana de Carabajal.jpg|thumb|The execution of [[Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal|Mariana de Carabajal]] (converted Jew), accused of a relapse into Judaism, [[Mexico City]], 1601]]

[[Religious antisemitism]], also known as anti-Judaism, is antipathy towards Jews because of their perceived religious beliefs. In theory, antisemitism and attacks against individual Jews would stop if Jews stopped practicing Judaism or changed their public faith, especially by [[Religious conversion|conversion]] to the official or right religion. However, in some cases, discrimination continues after conversion, as in the case of ''[[Marranos]]'' (Christianized Jews in Spain and Portugal) in the late 15th century and 16th century, who were suspected of secretly practising Judaism or Jewish customs.{{sfnp|Flannery|1985|pp=135–141}}

Although the origins of antisemitism are rooted in the Judeo-Christian conflict, other forms of antisemitism have developed in modern times. Frederick Schweitzer asserts that "most scholars ignore the Christian foundation on which the modern antisemitic edifice rests and invoke political antisemitism, cultural antisemitism, racism or racial antisemitism, economic antisemitism, and the like."<ref>{{cite book |title=A concise history of American antisemitism |first=Robert |last=Michael |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2005 |page=vii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5G3feplFBYUC&pg=PR7 |isbn=978-0-7425-4313-3 |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001047/https://books.google.com/books?id=5G3feplFBYUC&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> William Nicholls draws a distinction between religious antisemitism and modern antisemitism based on racial or ethnic grounds: "The dividing line was the possibility of effective conversion [...] a Jew ceased to be a Jew upon [[baptism]]." From the perspective of racial antisemitism, however, "the assimilated Jew was still a Jew, even after baptism.[...] From the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews[...] Once Jews have been emancipated and secular thinking makes its appearance, without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear."<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicholls |first=William |author-link= |date=1993 |title=Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg00E0gk9PQC |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Jason Aronson]] / [[Rowman & Littlefield]] |page=314 |isbn=0-87668-398-7}}</ref>

Some Christians such as the Catholic priest [[Ernest Jouin]], who published the first French translation of the ''Protocols'', combined religious and racial antisemitism, as in his statement that "From the triple viewpoint of race, of nationality, and of religion, the Jew has become the enemy of humanity."{{sfnp|Michael|2008|p=171}} The virulent antisemitism of [[Édouard Drumont]], one of the most widely read Catholic writers in France during the Dreyfus Affair, likewise combined religious and racial antisemitism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arnal |first1=Oscar L. |title=Ambivalent Alliance: The Catholic Church and the Action Française, 1899–1939 |date=1985 |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |page=32 |isbn=978-0822985631}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Richard L. |title=Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy |date=2003 |publisher=[[Westminster John Knox Press]] |page=81 |isbn=978-0664223533}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brustein |first1=William |title=Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=60 |isbn=978-0521774789}}</ref> Drumont founded the [[Antisemitic League of France]].