Editing Antioxidant (section)

=== Environmental and health hazards ===
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Runzeng |last2=Mabury |first2=Scott A. |date=6 October 2020 |title=Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=54 |issue=19 |pages=11706–11719 |bibcode=2020EnST...5411706L |doi=10.1021/acs.est.0c05077 |pmid=32915564 |s2cid=221637214}}</ref> and aminic antioxidants<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Jing |last2=Hao |first2=Yanfen |last3=Yang |first3=Zhiruo |last4=Li |first4=Wenjuan |last5=Xie |first5=Wenjing |last6=Huang |first6=Yani |last7=Wang |first7=Deliang |last8=He |first8=Yuqing |last9=Liang |first9=Yong |last10=Matsiko |first10=Julius |last11=Wang |first11=Pu |date=7 November 2022 |title=Rubber Antioxidants and Their Transformation Products: Environmental Occurrence and Potential Impact |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=21 |pages=14595 |doi=10.3390/ijerph192114595 |pmc=9657274 |pmid=36361475 |doi-access=free}}</ref> have potential human and environmental health hazards. SPAs are common in indoor dust, small air particles, sediment, sewage, river water and wastewater.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Chao |last2=Cui |first2=Xinyi |last3=Chen |first3=Yi |last4=Liao |first4=Chunyang |last5=Ma |first5=Lena Q |date=February 2019 |title=Synthetic phenolic antioxidants and their major metabolites in human fingernail |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118306029 |journal=Environmental Research |volume=169 |pages=308–314 |bibcode=2019ER....169..308L |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.020 |pmid=30500685 |s2cid=56486425}}</ref> They are synthesized from phenolic compounds and include [[Butylated hydroxytoluene|2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol]] (BHT), [[2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone]] (BHT-Q), [[2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol|2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol]] (DBP) and [[Butylated hydroxyanisole|3-''tert''-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole]] (BHA). BHT can cause [[hepatotoxicity]] and damage to the [[endocrine system]] and may increase the carcinogenicity of [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|1,1-dimethylhydrazine]] exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Runzeng |last2=Mabury |first2=Scott A. |date=September 11, 2020 |title=Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.0c05077 |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=54 |issue=19 |pages=11706–11719 |bibcode=2020EnST...5411706L |doi=10.1021/acs.est.0c05077 |pmid=32915564 |s2cid=221637214}}</ref> BHT-Q can cause DNA damage and mismatches<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Wanyi |last2=Xiong |first2=Ping |last3=Zhang |first3=He |last4=Zhu |first4=Qingqing |last5=Liao |first5=Chunyang |last6=Jiang |first6=Guibin |date=2021-10-01 |title=Analysis, occurrence, toxicity and environmental health risks of synthetic phenolic antioxidants: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935121008252 |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=201 |pages=111531 |bibcode=2021ER....20111531W |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2021.111531 |issn=0013-9351 |pmid=34146526}}</ref> through the cleavage process, generating [[superoxide]] radicals.<ref name=":0" /> DBP is toxic to marine life if exposed long-term. Phenolic antioxidants have low biodegradability, but they do not have severe toxicity toward aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Another type of antioxidant, [[diphenylamine]] (DPA), is commonly used in the production of commercial, industrial lubricants and rubber products and it also acts as a supplement for automotive engine oils.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zi-Feng |last2=Zhang |first2=Xue |last3=Sverko |first3=Ed |last4=Marvin |first4=Christopher H. |last5=Jobst |first5=Karl J. |last6=Smyth |first6=Shirley Anne |last7=Li |first7=Yi-Fan |date=2020-02-11 |title=Determination of Diphenylamine Antioxidants in Wastewater/Biosolids and Sediment |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00796 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology Letters |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=102–110 |bibcode=2020EnSTL...7..102Z |doi=10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00796 |issn=2328-8930 |s2cid=213719260}}</ref>