Editing Anti-lock braking system (section)

== Effectiveness ==
A 2004 Australian study by Monash University Accident Research Centre found that ABS:<ref name="monash.edu.au"/>
* Reduced the risk of [[Multiple-vehicle collision|multiple vehicle crashes]] by 18 percent,
* Increased the risk of [[Run-off-road collision|run-off-road crashes]] by 35 percent.

On high-traction surfaces such as [[bitumen]], or [[concrete]], many (though not all) ABS-equipped cars are able to attain braking distances better (i.e. shorter) than those that would be possible without the benefit of ABS. In real-world conditions, even an alert and experienced driver without ABS would find it difficult to match or improve on the performance of a typical driver with a modern ABS-equipped vehicle. ABS reduces the chances of crashing, and/or the severity of impact. The recommended technique for non-expert drivers in an ABS-equipped car, in a typical full-braking emergency, is to press the brake pedal as firmly as possible and, where appropriate, to steer around obstructions. In such situations, ABS will significantly reduce the chances of a skid and subsequent loss of control.

In gravel, sand, and deep snow, ABS tends to increase braking distances. On these surfaces, locked wheels dig in and stop the vehicle more quickly. ABS prevents this from occurring. Some ABS calibrations reduce this problem by slowing the cycling time, thus letting the wheels repeatedly briefly lock and unlock. Some vehicle manufacturers provide an "off-road" button to turn the ABS function off. The primary benefit of ABS on such surfaces is to increase the ability of the driver to maintain control of the car rather than go into a skid, though the loss of control remains more likely on soft surfaces such as gravel or on slippery surfaces such as snow or ice. On a very slippery surface such as sheet ice or gravel, it is possible to lock multiple wheels at once, and this can defeat ABS (which relies on comparing all four wheels and detecting individual wheels skidding). The availability of ABS relieves most drivers from learning threshold braking.

A June 1999 [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) study found that ABS increased stopping distances on loose gravel by an average of 27.2 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/VRTC/ca/capubs/NHTSAabsT4FinalRpt.pdf|title=NHTSA Light Vehicle Antilock Brake System Research Program Task 4: A Test Track Study of Light Vehicle ABS Performance Over a Broad Range of Surfaces and Maneuvers|date=January 1999|website=Nhtsa.gov|access-date=1 March 2022|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211051458/https://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/VRTC/ca/capubs/NHTSAabsT4FinalRpt.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to the NHTSA,

<blockquote>
"ABS works with your regular braking system by automatically pumping them. In vehicles not equipped with ABS, the driver has to manually pump the brakes to prevent wheel lockup. In vehicles equipped with ABS, your foot should remain firmly planted on the brake pedal, while ABS pumps the brakes for you so you can concentrate on steering to safety."
</blockquote>

When activated, some earlier ABSes caused the brake pedal to pulse noticeably. As most drivers rarely or do not brake hard enough to cause brake lock-up, and drivers typically do not read the vehicle's owner's manual, this may not be noticeable until an emergency. Some manufacturers have therefore implemented a [[Emergency brake assist|brake assist]] system that determines that the driver is attempting a "panic stop" (by detecting that the brake pedal was depressed very quickly, unlike a normal stop where the pedal pressure would usually be gradually increased. Some systems additionally monitor the rate at the accelerator was released, and/or the time between accelerator release and brake application){{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} and the system automatically increases braking force where not enough pressure is applied. Hard or panic braking on bumpy surfaces, because of the bumps causing the speed of the wheel(s) to become erratic may also trigger the ABS, sometimes causing the system to enter its ice mode, where the system severely limits maximum available braking power. Nevertheless, ABS significantly improves safety and control for drivers in most on-road situations.

Anti-lock brakes are the subject of some experiments centred around [[risk compensation]] theory, which asserts that drivers adapt to the safety benefit of ABS by driving more aggressively. In a [[Munich]] study, half a fleet of [[taxicab]]s was equipped with anti-lock brakes, while the other half had conventional brake systems. The crash rate was substantially the same for both types of cab, and Wilde concludes this was due to drivers of ABS-equipped cabs taking more risks, assuming that ABS would take care of them, while the non-ABS drivers drove more carefully since ABS would not be there to help in case of a dangerous situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psyc.queensu.ca/target/chapter07.html |title=7. Remedy by engineering? |website=Psyc.queensu.ca |year=1994 |author=Gerald J. S. Wilde |access-date=2010-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921074926/http://psyc.queensu.ca/target/chapter07.html |archive-date=2010-09-21 }}</ref>

The [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] released a study in 2010 that found motorcycles with ABS 37% less likely to be involved in a fatal crash than models without ABS.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ultimatemotorcycling.com/2012motorcycle-abs-skepticism-debunked | title = Motorcycle ABS: Skepticism Debunked | date = 2012-05-16 | access-date = 2012-08-18 | publisher = Ultimate Motorcycling}}</ref>