Editing Anthroposophy (section)

==Claimed applications==
{{further|Rudolf Steiner#Breadth of activity}}

===Rationale===

{{block quote|1=As noted by Hammer, this means that anthroposophy harbors extensive empirical claims on "the most diverse subjects: matters normally defined as belonging to the domain of science, yet made immune to scientific critique because of Steiner’s radical dichotomy—agronomy, chemistry, pharmacology, physiology, anatomy, developmental psychology, astronomy, physics etc." (Hammer 2004, 227).|2={{harvnb|Hansson|2022}}}}

===Steiner/Waldorf education===
{{Main|Waldorf education}}
There is a pedagogical movement with over 1000 [[Waldorf education|Steiner or Waldorf schools]] (the latter name stems from the first such school, founded in Stuttgart in 1919)<ref>Paull, John (2011) [https://www.academia.edu/9168722/Rudolf_Steiner_and_the_Oxford_Conference_The_birth_of_Waldorf_education_in_Britain Rudolf Steiner and the Oxford Conference: The Birth of Waldorf Education in Britain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819215344/https://www.academia.edu/9168722/Rudolf_Steiner_and_the_Oxford_Conference_The_birth_of_Waldorf_education_in_Britain |date=2019-08-19 }}. European Journal of Educational Studies, 3 (1): 53–66.</ref> located in some 60 countries; the great majority of these are independent (private) schools.<ref>German Education Research Group, [http://www.waldorfschule.info/index.71.0.3.html "International Associations and Waldorf Schools in alphabetical order of country"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916210620/http://www.waldorfschule.info/index.71.0.3.html |date=September 16, 2008 }}</ref> Sixteen of the schools have been affiliated with the United Nations' [[UNESCO ASPNet|UNESCO Associated Schools Project Network]], which sponsors education projects that foster improved quality of education throughout the world.<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001223/122345E.pdf Agenda Fact Sheet, ''United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization'' dated 18 April 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628123844/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001223/122345E.pdf |date=28 June 2007 }} The foundation, [[Friends of Waldorf Education]] (Freunde der Erziehungskunst), is one of the 26 non-governmental organizations worldwide to maintain official relations with UNESCO. [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=32925&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO Official Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206100505/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D32925%26URL_DO%3DDO_PRINTPAGE%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |date=2019-12-06 }}</ref> Waldorf schools receive full or partial governmental funding in some European nations, Australia and in parts of the United States (as Waldorf method public or charter schools) and Canada.

The schools have been founded in a variety of communities: for example in the ''[[favela]]s'' of São Paulo<ref name="White">White, Ralph, [http://www.lapismagazine.org/archives/L08/querido-interview.html Interview with Rene M. Querido] ''Lapis Magazine'' {{dead link|date=July 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> to wealthy suburbs of major cities;<ref name="White" /> in India, [[SEKEM|Egypt]], Australia, the Netherlands, Mexico and South Africa. Though most of the early Waldorf schools were teacher-founded, the schools today are usually initiated and later supported by a parent community.<ref name="Ullrich" /> Waldorf schools are among the most visible anthroposophical institutions.<ref name="Ullrich">{{Cite journal |last=Ullrich |first=Heiner |year=2000 |orig-date=1994 |title=Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) |url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/steinere.pdf |journal=Prospects: The Quarterly Review of Comparative Education |location=Paris |publisher=UNESCO: International Bureau of Education |volume=XXIV |issue=3/4 |pages=8&ndash;9 [555&ndash;572] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041958/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/steinere.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Lenart">Lenart, Claudia M: [http://www.consciouschoice.com/2003/cc1606/steinerchicago1606.html "Steiner's Chicago Legacy Shines Brightly"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018121557/http://www.consciouschoice.com/2003/cc1606/steinerchicago1606.html |date=2006-10-18 }}, ''Conscious Choice'' June 2003</ref>

Benjamin Lazier calls Steiner a "maverick educator".<ref name="r012">{{cite book | last=Lazier | first=Benjamin | title=God Interrupted | publisher=Princeton University Press | publication-place=Princeton (N.J.) | date=2008 | isbn=978-0-691-13670-7 | page=29 | quote=By the 1920s gnosticism (the term) had hardly a vestige of an agreed-upon meaning. That gnosticism had returned in some form was a sentiment shared by many, but what that meant was up for debate. Some, notably those on the occult scene inspired by the maverick educator Rudolf Steiner, greeted the new age with enthusiasm.}}</ref>

===Biodynamic agriculture===
{{Main|Biodynamic agriculture}}
Biodynamic agriculture, is a form of alternative agriculture based on pseudo-scientific and esoteric concepts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lejano |first1=Raul P. |title=Power of Narrative in Environmental Networks |last2=Ingram |first2=Mrill |last3=Ingram |first3=Helen M. |publisher=MIT Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780262519571 |page=155 |chapter=Chapter 6: Narratives of Nature and Science in Alternative Farming Networks}}</ref> It was also the first intentional form of organic farming,<ref name=Lenart/> begun in 1924, when Rudolf Steiner gave a series of lectures published in English as ''The Agriculture Course''.<ref name="first">Paull, John (2011) [http://orgprints.org/18809/1/Paull2011KoberwitzEJSS.pdf . "Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229042256/https://orgprints.org/18809/1/Paull2011KoberwitzEJSS.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://orgprints.org/18809/1/Paull2011KoberwitzEJSS.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date=2019-12-29 }}, ''European Journal of Social Sciences'', 21(1):64–70.</ref> Steiner is considered one of the founders of the modern [[organic farming]] movement.<ref name="Ferree Warrington 2003 p. ">{{Cite book |last1=Ferree |first1=David Curtis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmuBCwAAQBAJ |title=Apples: Botany, Production, and Uses |last2=Warrington |first2=Ian J. |publisher=CABI Pub. |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-85199-592-2 |series=CABI Publishing Series |page=553 |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref><ref>David Kupfer, [http://www.wildnesswithin.com/kupfer.html "Trailblazers, Heroes & Pioneers: The Organic Farming Movement"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009183558/http://www.wildnesswithin.com/kupfer.html |date=2007-10-09 }}</ref>

"And Himmler, Hess, and Darré all promoted biodynamic (anthroposophic) approaches to farming as an alternative to industrial agriculture."<ref name="Kurlander 2015 pp. 498–522"/> "'[...] with the active cooperation of the Reich League for Biodynamic Agriculture' [...] Pancke, Pohl, and Hans Merkel established additional biodynamic plantations across the eastern territories as well as Dachau, Ravensbrück, and Auschwitz concentration camps. Many were staffed by anthroposophists."<ref name="Kurlander 2017 pp. 231–262">{{Cite book |last=Kurlander |first=Eric |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q31shs.13 |title=Hitler's Monsters |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-300-18945-2 |pages=239–240 |chapter=MONSTROUS SCIENCE: Racial Resettlement, Human Experiments, and the Holocaust |jstor=j.ctt1q31shs.13 |quote='[...] with the active cooperation of the Reich League for Biodynamic Agriculture' [...] Pancke, Pohl, and Hans Merkel established additional biodynamic plantations across the eastern territories as well as Dachau, Ravensbrück, and Auschwitz concentration camps. Many were staffed by anthroposophists. |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

"Steiner's 'biodynamic agriculture' based on 'restoring the quasi-mystical relationship between earth and the cosmos' was widely accepted in the Third Reich (28)."<ref name="Purcell 2018 t965">{{Cite web |last=Purcell |first=Brendan |date=24 June 2018 |title=Hitler's Monsters: A Supernatural History of the Third Reich |url=https://voegelinview.com/9101-2/ |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=VoegelinView}}</ref>

===Anthroposophical medicine===
{{Main|Anthroposophical medicine}}
Anthroposophical medicine is a form of [[alternative medicine]] based on [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] and [[occult]] notions rather than in [[science-based medicine]].<ref name="teils">{{Cite journal |last1=Kienle |first1=Gunver S. |last2=Kiene |first2=Helmut |last3=Albonico |first3=Hans Ulrich |year=2006 |title=Anthroposophische Medizin: Health Technology Assessment Bericht – Kurzfassung |journal=Forschende Komplementärmedizin |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=7–18 |doi=10.1159/000093481 |pmid=16883076 |s2cid=72253140 |quote=teils ergänzend und teils ersetzend zur konventionellen Medizin}} ''Cited in'' {{cite journal |pmid=18540325 |year=2008 |last1=Ernst |first1=Edzard |title=Anthroposophic medicine: A critical analysis |volume=150 |pages=1–6 |journal=MMW Fortschritte der Medizin |issue=Suppl 1}}</ref>

Most anthroposophic medical preparations are highly diluted, like homeopathic remedies, while harmless in of themselves, using them in place of conventional medicine to treat illness is ineffective and risks adverse consequences.<ref name="krit">{{Cite journal |last=Ernst |first=Edzard |year=2008 |title=Anthroposophic medicine: A critical analysis |journal=MMW Fortschritte der Medizin |volume=150 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=1–6 |pmid=18540325}}</ref>

One of the most studied applications has been the use of mistletoe extracts in cancer therapy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Study by the National Cancer Institute on mistletoe's use for treating cancer |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/mistletoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221133732/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/mistletoe |archive-date=2010-12-21 |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Cancer.gov}}</ref> but research has found no evidence of benefit.<ref name="coch-2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horneber MA, Bueschel G, Huber R, Linde K, Rostock M |year=2008 |title=Mistletoe therapy in oncology |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |type=Systematic review |volume=2020 |issue=2 |pages=CD003297 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003297.pub2 |pmc=7144832 |pmid=18425885 |quote=The review found that there was not enough evidence to reach clear conclusions about the effects on any of these outcomes and it is therefore not clear to what extent the application of mistletoe extracts translates into improved symptom control, enhanced tumour response or prolonged survival.}}</ref><ref name="ACS">{{Cite book |title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies |publisher=[[American Cancer Society]] |year=2009 |isbn=9780944235713 |veditors=Ades TB |edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/424 424–428] |chapter=Mistletoe |quote=Available evidence from well-designed clinical trials does not support claims that mistletoe can improve length or quality of life. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/424}}</ref>

===Special needs education and services===
{{Main|Camphill Movement}} {{See also|Garvald Centres}}
In 1922, [[Ita Wegman]] founded an anthroposophical center for special needs education, the Sonnenhof, in Switzerland. In 1940, [[Karl König]] founded the [[Camphill Movement]] in Scotland. The latter in particular has spread widely, and there are now over a hundred Camphill communities and other anthroposophical homes for children and adults in need of special care in about 22 countries around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camphill |url=http://www.camphill.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208172552/http://www.camphill.org/ |archive-date=2007-02-08 |access-date=2007-02-22}}</ref> Both Karl König, [[Thomas Weihs]] and others have written extensively on these ideas underlying Special education.<ref name="König 2009 p. ">{{Cite book |last=König |first=Karl |title=The Child with Special Needs |date=2009 |publisher=Floris Books |isbn=978-0-86315-693-9}}</ref><ref name="Weihs 2000 p. ">{{Cite book |last=Weihs |first=Thomas J. |title=Children in Need of Special Care |date=2000 |publisher=Souvenir Press |isbn=978-0-285-63569-2}}</ref>

===Architecture===
[[File:First Goetheanum.jpg|thumb|right|The first [[Goetheanum]], designed by Steiner in 1920, [[Dornach]], Switzerland]]
Steiner designed around thirteen buildings in an [[organic architecture|organic]]—[[expressionist architecture|expressionist architectural]] style.<ref>Sharp, Dennis, ''Rudolf Steiner and the Way to a New Style in Architecture'', Architectural Association Journal, June 1963</ref><ref>Sokolina, Anna P. "Biology in Architecture: The Goetheanum Case Study." In: The Routledge Companion to Biology in Art and Architecture, edited by Ch. Terranova and M. Tromble, 52–70. New York and London: Routledge, 2017. 546p.</ref> Foremost among these are his designs for the two Goetheanum buildings in Dornach, Switzerland.<ref>Sokolina, Anna. "Modernist Topologies: The Goetheanum in Building." In ''Modernity and Construction of Sacred Space'', edited by Aaron French and Katharina Waldner, 149–168. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2024. ISBN 9783111061382 and 9783111062624. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111062624-008.</ref> Thousands of further buildings have been built by later generations of anthroposophic architects.<ref name="Verlag Freies Geistesleben 1982 p. ">{{Cite book |last1=Raab |first1=Rex |title=Die Waldorfschule baut: sechzig Jahre Architektur der Waldorfschulen: Schule als Entwicklungsraum menschengemässer Baugestaltung |last2=Klingborg |first2=Arne |date=1982 |publisher=Verlag Freies Geistesleben |isbn=978-3-7725-0240-8 |publication-place=Stuttgart |language=de}}</ref><ref>Sokolina, Anna, ed., co-author, ''Architecture and Anthroposophy''. (Arkhitektura i Antroposofiia. bilingual ed.) 1st and 2nd edition. 268p. M.: KMK Scientific Press. 2001, {{ISBN|5-87317-074-6}}. 2010, {{ISBN|5-87317-660-4}}.</ref>

Architects who have been strongly influenced by the anthroposophic style include [[Imre Makovecz]] in Hungary,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heathcote |first=Edwin |date=2011-09-28 |title=Imre Makovecz (1935–2011) |url=http://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/imre-makovecz-%281935-%E2%80%93-2011%29/5025237.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213022831/http://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/imre-makovecz-%281935-%E2%80%93-2011%29/5025237.article |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2013-12-31 |publisher=Bdonline.co.uk}}</ref> [[Hans Scharoun]] and Joachim Eble in Germany, [[Erik Asmussen]] in Sweden, [[Kenji Imai (architect)|Kenji Imai]] in Japan, [[Thomas Rau]], [[Anton Alberts (architect)|Anton Alberts]] and Max van Huut in the Netherlands, Christopher Day and Camphill Architects in the UK, Thompson and Rose in America, Denis Bowman in Canada, and [[Walter Burley Griffin]]<ref name="WBGriffin">Paull, John (2012) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319670934_Walter_Burley_Griffin_and_Marion_Mahony_Griffin_Architects_of_Anthroposophy Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, Architects of Anthroposophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165307/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319670934_Walter_Burley_Griffin_and_Marion_Mahony_Griffin_Architects_of_Anthroposophy |date=2018-01-11 }}, Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 106:20–30.</ref> and [[Gregory Burgess]] in Australia.<ref name="Raab Klingborg Fant 1979 p. ">{{Cite book |last1=Raab |first1=Rex |title=Eloquent Concrete |last2=Klingborg |first2=Arne |last3=Fant |first3=Åke |date=1979 |publisher=Rudolph Steiner Press |isbn=978-0-85440-354-7}}</ref><ref name="Pearson 2001 p. ">{{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fncJliXFdgC |title=New Organic Architecture: The Breaking Wave |publisher=University of California Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-520-23289-1 |series=A Gaia original |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref><ref>Sokolina, Anna, "The Goetheanum Culture in Modern Architecture." In: Science, Education and Experimental Design (Nauka, obrazovaniie i eksperimental'noie proiektirovaniie. Trudy MARKHI) (In Russian), edited by D.O. Shvidkovsky, G.V. Yesaulov, et al., 157–159. Moscow: MARKHI, 2014. 536p.</ref>
[[ING House]] in [[Amsterdam]] is a contemporary building by an anthroposophical architect which has received awards for its [[ecological design]] and approach to a self-sustaining ecology as an [[autonomous building]] and example of [[sustainable architecture]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Meyer en van Schooten, Architect |url=http://www.urbika.com/firms/view/187-meyer-en-van-schooten |access-date=2010-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914052719/http://www.urbika.com/firms/view/187-meyer-en-van-schooten |archive-date=14 September 2010 |publisher=Urbika}}</ref>

===Eurythmy===
{{Main|Eurythmy}}
Together with [[Marie von Sivers]], Steiner developed [[eurythmy]], a [[performing art|performance art]] combining [[dance]], speech, and music.<ref name="Poplawski 1998 p. ">{{Cite book |last=Poplawski |first=Thomas |title=Eurythmy |date=1998 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-0-88010-459-3 |page=67}}</ref><ref>Ogletree, Earl J. [http://sed.sagepub.com/content/10/3/305.extract Eurythmy: A therapeutic art of movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601024956/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002246697601000312 |date=2021-06-01 }} ''Journal of Special Education'' Fall 1976 vol. 10 no. 3 305–319 {{doi|10.1177/002246697601000312}}</ref>

===Social finance and entrepreneurship===
{{See also|Social finance}}
Around the world today are a number of banks, companies, charities, and schools for developing co-operative forms of business using Steiner's ideas about economic associations, aiming at harmonious and socially responsible roles in the world economy.<ref name="Essential" /> The first anthroposophic bank was the ''[[GLS bank|Gemeinschaftsbank für Leihen und Schenken]]'' in [[Bochum]], Germany, founded in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gemeinschaftsbank für Leihen und Schenken |url=http://www.gls.de/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529145719/http://www.gls.de/ |archive-date=2013-05-29 |access-date=2013-12-31 |publisher=Gls.de}}</ref>
[[Socially responsible investing|Socially responsible banks]] founded out of anthroposophy include [[Triodos Bank]], founded in the [[Netherlands]] in 1980 and also active in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], Germany, [[Belgium]], [[Spain]] and [[France]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=Is Triodos the ethical bank that could replace the Co-op? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/apr/29/triodos-ethical-bank-replace-co-op-bank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411010936/https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/apr/29/triodos-ethical-bank-replace-co-op-bank |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Other examples include [[Cultura Sparebank]] which dates from 1982 when a group of Norwegian anthroposophists began an initiative for ethical banking but only began to operate as a savings bank in [[Norway]] in the late 90s, La Nef in [[France]] and RSF Social Financein [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth Times |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/news_press_release,132566.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101160356/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/news_press_release,132566.shtml |archive-date=2014-01-01 |access-date=2013-12-31 |publisher=Earth Times}}</ref>

Harvard Business School historian [[Geoffrey Jones (academic)|Geoffrey Jones]] traced the considerable impact both Steiner and later anthroposophical entrepreneurs had on the creation of many businesses in organic food, ecological architecture and [[sustainable finance]].<ref name="Jones2017">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Geoffrey |title=Profits and Sustainability. A History of Green Entrepreneurship |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-019-870697-7}}</ref>

===Organizational development, counselling and biography work===
[[Bernard Lievegoed]], a psychiatrist, founded a new method of individual and institutional development oriented towards humanizing organizations and linked with Steiner's ideas of the threefold social order. This work is represented by the NPI Institute for Organizational Development in the Netherlands and sister organizations in many other countries.<ref name="Essential" />

===Speech and drama===
There are also anthroposophical movements to renew speech and drama, the most important of which are based in the work of [[Marie Steiner-von Sivers]] (''speech formation'', also known as ''Creative Speech'') and the ''Chekhov Method'' originated by [[Michael Chekhov]] (nephew of [[Anton Chekhov]]).<ref>Byckling, L: [https://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/01/chekhovwest.shtml Michael Chekhov as Actor, Teacher and Director in the West] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231085044/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/01/chekhovwest.shtml |date=2006-12-31 }}. ''[[Toronto Slavic Quarterly]]'' No 1 &mdash; Summer 2002. University of Toronto, Academic Electronic Journal in Slavic Studies.</ref>

===Art===
[[File:Groupeenbois.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Representative of Humanity'', by Rudolf Steiner and Edith Maryon]]
Anthroposophic painting, a style inspired by [[Rudolf Steiner]], featured prominently in the first [[Goetheanum]]'s cupola. The technique frequently begins by filling the surface to be painted with color, out of which forms are gradually developed, often images with symbolic-spiritual significance. Paints that allow for many transparent layers are preferred, and often these are derived from plant materials.{{sfn|Zander|2007|pp=381–382, 1080, 1105}} [[Rudolf Steiner]] appointed the English sculptor [[Edith Maryon]] as head of the School of [[Fine Art]] at the [[Goetheanum]].<ref name="EM">Paull, John (2018) [https://www.academia.edu/37021855/A_Portrait_of_Edith_Maryon_Artist_and_Anthroposophist A Portrait of Edith Maryon: Artist and Anthroposophist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322174156/https://www.academia.edu/37021855/A_Portrait_of_Edith_Maryon_Artist_and_Anthroposophist |date=2020-03-22 }}, Journal of Fine Arts, 1(2):8–15.</ref> Together they carved the 9-metre tall sculpture titled ''The Representative of Humanity'', on display at the [[Goetheanum]].<ref name=EM/>

===Other===
[[File:Flowform Vortex Garten Darmstadt.jpg|thumb |upright|Flowforms in [[Darmstadt]], Germany]]
*Phenomenological approaches to science, pseudo-scientific<ref name="pssci"/> ideas based on [[Goethean science|Goethe's philosophy of nature]].<ref name="Essential" />
*John Wilkes' fountain-like flowforms, sculptural forms that guide water into rhythmic movement for the purposes of decoration.
*Antisemitic legislation in Italy (1938–1945).{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|p=284|ps=: "The anthroposophist contribution to spiritual racism in theory and in practice yields new insights into the nature of the Fascist racial campaign between 1938 and 1945."}}
*The Fellowship Community in [[Chestnut Ridge, New York]], United States, which includes a [[retirement community]] and other anthroposophic projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fellowship Community {{!}} An Anthroposophic Community {{!}} New York |url=https://www.fellowshipcommunity.org |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=The Fellowship Commu |language=en}}</ref> 
*The [[Harduf]] ''[[kibbutz]]'' in Israel.