Editing Animal testing (section)

===Non-human primates===
{{Main|Animal testing on non-human primates}}
[[File:Chimpanzee Enos before the flight of Mercury-Atlas 5.jpg|thumb|left|[[Enos (chimpanzee)|Enos]], the third primate to orbit the Earth, before insertion into the [[Mercury-Atlas 5]] capsule in 1961]]
[[File:77-cm primate cage.jpg|thumb]]
Non-human primates (NHPs) are used in toxicology tests, studies of AIDS and hepatitis, studies of [[neurology]], behavior and cognition, reproduction, [[genetics]], and [[xenotransplantation]]. They are caught in the wild or purpose-bred. In the United States and China, most primates are domestically purpose-bred, whereas in Europe the majority are imported purpose-bred.<ref>[http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10774&page=R1 International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources], Proceedings of the Workshop Held 17–19 April, pp. 36–45, 46–48, 63–69, 197–200.</ref> The [[European Commission]] reported that in 2011, 6,012 monkeys were experimented on in European laboratories.<ref name="eurlex13"/> According to the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]], there were 71,188 monkeys in U.S. laboratories in 2016.<ref name=USDA2016 /> 23,465 monkeys were imported into the U.S. in 2014 including 929 who were caught in the wild.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. primate import statistics for 2014|url=http://www.ippl.org/gibbon/2015/01/|website=International Primate Protection League|access-date=9 July 2015|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090032/https://www.ippl.org/gibbon/2015/01/}}</ref> Most of the NHPs used in experiments are [[macaque]]s;<ref name="Humaneprimate"/> but [[marmoset]]s, [[spider monkey]]s, and [[squirrel monkey]]s are also used, and [[baboon]]s and [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]s are used in the US. {{as of|2015}}, there are approximately 730 chimpanzees in U.S. laboratories.<ref>{{cite news|last1=St. Fleur|first1=Nicholas|title=U.S. Will Call All Chimps 'Endangered'|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/13/science/chimpanzees-endangered-fish-and-wildlife-service.html|access-date=9 July 2015|agency=The New York Times|date=12 June 2015}}</ref>

In a survey in 2003, it was found that 89% of singly-housed primates exhibited self-injurious or [[List of abnormal behaviours in animals|abnormal]] [[stereotypy]]ical behaviors including pacing, rocking, hair pulling, and biting among others.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lutz|first1=C|last2=Well|first2=A|last3=Novak|first3=M|title=Stereotypic and Self-Injurious Behavior in Rhesus Macaques: A Survey and Retrospective Analysis of Environment and Early Experience|journal=American Journal of Primatology|date=2003|volume=60|issue=1|pages=1–15|doi=10.1002/ajp.10075|pmid=12766938|s2cid=19980505}}<!--|access-date=9 July 2015--></ref>

The first transgenic primate was produced in 2001, with the development of a method that could introduce new genes into a [[rhesus macaque]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan AW, Chong KY, Martinovich C, Simerly C, Schatten G | title = Transgenic monkeys produced by retroviral gene transfer into mature oocytes | journal = Science | volume = 291 | issue = 5502 | pages = 309–12 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11209082 | doi = 10.1126/science.291.5502.309 | bibcode = 2001Sci...291..309C }}</ref> This transgenic technology is now being applied in the search for a treatment for the [[genetic disorder]] [[Huntington's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang SH, Cheng PH, Banta H, Piotrowska-Nitsche K, Yang JJ, Cheng EC, Snyder B, Larkin K, Liu J, Orkin J, Fang ZH, Smith Y, Bachevalier J, Zola SM, Li SH, Li XJ, Chan AW | title = Towards a transgenic model of Huntington's disease in a non-human primate | journal = Nature | volume = 453 | issue = 7197 | pages = 921–24 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18488016 | pmc = 2652570 | doi = 10.1038/nature06975 | bibcode = 2008Natur.453..921Y }}</ref> Notable studies on non-human primates have been part of the polio vaccine development, and development of [[Deep Brain Stimulation]], and their current heaviest non-toxicological use occurs in the monkey AIDS model, [[Simian immunodeficiency virus|SIV]].<ref name=TheRoyalSociety/><ref name="Humaneprimate">{{cite web | first1=Kathleen M. | last1=Conlee | first2=Erika H. | last2=Hoffeld | first3=Martin L. | last3=Stephens | year=2004 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227041442/http://www.worldcongress.net/2002/proceedings/C2%20Conlee.pdf | archivedate=27 February 2008 | url=http://www.worldcongress.net/2002/proceedings/C2%20Conlee.pdf | title=Demographic Analysis of Primate Research in the United States | work=ATLA | volume=32 | issue=Supplement 1 | pages=315–22}}</ref><ref name=Emborg/> In 2008, a proposal to ban all primates experiments in the EU has sparked a vigorous debate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/nov/02/primate-monkey-animal-testing-drugs|title=Ban on primate experiments would be devastating, scientists warn|work=[[The Observer]]|date=2 November 2008|first=Robin|last=McKie|location=London}}</ref>