Editing Angola (section)

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Angola}}
[[File:Angola Topography.png|thumb|upright|Topography of Angola]]

At {{convert|1246700|km2|sqmi|abbr= on}},<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/area/country-comparison|title= Country Comparisons – Area|publisher= United States Central Intelligence Agency|work = The World Factbook|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222711/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/area/country-comparison|archive-date= 4 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Angola is the world's twenty-second largest country – comparable in size to Mali, or twice the size of France or of Texas. It lies mostly between latitudes [[4th parallel south|4°]] and [[18th parallel south|18°S]], and longitudes [[12th meridian east|12°]] and [[24th meridian east|24°E]].

Angola borders [[Namibia]] to the south, [[Zambia]] to the east, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the north-east and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the west.

The coastal [[enclave and exclave|exclave]] of [[Cabinda (province)|Cabinda]] in the north has borders with the [[Republic of the Congo]] to the north and with the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinda {{!}} Angola, War, Oil & Conflict |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cabinda-province-Angola |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209033325/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cabinda-province-Angola |archive-date= 9 February 2023 }}</ref> Angola has a favorable coastline for maritime trade, with four natural harbors: Luanda, Lobito, Moçâmedes, and Porto Alexandre. These natural indentations contrast with Africa's typical coastline of rocky cliffs and deep bays.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henderson |first=Lawrence |title=Angola |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1979}}</ref> Angola's capital, [[Luanda]], lies on the Atlantic coast in the northwest of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola {{!}} History, Capital, Flag, Map, Population, Language, & Religion |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Angola |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927094919/https://www.britannica.com/place/Angola |url-status=live }}</ref>

Angola had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.35/10, ranking it 23rd globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |bibcode-access=free |doi-access=free}}</ref> In Angola [[forest cover]] is around 53% of the total land area, equivalent to 66,607,380 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 79,262,780 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 65,800,190 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 807,200 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 40% was reported to be [[primary forest]] (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 3% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Angola |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/AGO/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911110629/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/AGO/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:AngolaOverview_S2_2022.png|thumb|right|300px|Satellite imagery of Angola, 2022]]

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Angola}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_AGO_present.svg|thumb|300px|Angola map of Köppen climate classification.]]

Like the rest of tropical Africa, Angola experiences distinct, alternating [[Monsoon|rainy]] and [[Dry season|dry]] seasons.<ref name=":1">{{citation-attribution|1={{cite encyclopedia|title=Angola: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90003244/|year=1989|editor-last=Collelo|editor-first=Thomas|pages=57–61|oclc=44357178|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408100132/https://www.loc.gov/item/90003244/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> In the north, the rainy season may last for as long as seven months—usually from September to April, with perhaps a brief slackening in January or February.<ref name=":1" /> In the south, the rainy season begins later, in November, and lasts until about February.<ref name=":1" /> The dry season (''cacimbo'') is often characterized by a heavy morning mist.<ref name=":1" /> In general, precipitation is higher in the north, but at any latitude it is greater in the interior than along the coast and increases with altitude.<ref name=":1" /> Temperatures fall with distance from the equator and with altitude and tend to rise closer to the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=":1" /> Thus, at [[Soyo]], at the mouth of the [[Congo River]], the average annual temperature is about 26&nbsp;°C, but it is under 16&nbsp;°C at [[Huambo]] on the temperate central plateau.<ref name=":1" /> The coolest months are July and August (in the middle of the dry season), when frost may sometimes form at higher altitudes.<ref name=":1" />

Due to [[climate change]], Angola's annual average temperature has increased by 1.4.°C since 1951, and is expected to keep rising<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=2022 |title=Angola: Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/f5d0bae7-8230-5d41-8466-b5031de9741e |access-date=9 December 2024 |publication-place=Washington |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127055129/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/f5d0bae7-8230-5d41-8466-b5031de9741e |url-status=live }}</ref> while rainfall is becoming more variable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=USAID |title=Climate change Adaption in ANGOLA |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/angola_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf |access-date=9 December 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115134339/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/angola_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Angola is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative |title=ND-GAIN Rankings |url=https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/rankings/ |access-date=9 December 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610151125/https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/rankings/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Natural hazards such as [[flood]]s, erosion, [[drought]]s, and [[epidemic]]s (e.g.: [[malaria]], [[cholera]] and [[typhoid fever]]) are expected to worsen with climate change. [[Sea level rise|Rising sea levels]] also pose a significant risk to Angola's coastal areas, where around 50% of the population lives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Angola |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/angola |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023 Angola emitted 174.71 million tonnes of [[greenhouse gas]]es, around 0.32% of the world's total emissions, making it the 46th highest emitting country.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=155 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |pmid=36991071 |pmc=10060593 |bibcode=2023NatSD..10..155J |issn=2052-4463|hdl=11250/3119366 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In its [[Nationally determined contribution|Nationally Determined Contribution]], Angola has pledged a 14% reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions by 2025 and an additional 10% reduction conditional on international support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Climate Watch |title=Angola |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/AGO?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115134355/https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/AGO?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[World Bank]], achieving [[climate resilience]] in Angola requires diversifying the country's economy away from its dependence on oil.<ref name=":52" />

===Wildlife===
{{Main|Wildlife of Angola}}
{{Clear}}