Editing Andrew II of Hungary (section)

===Golden Bull (1218–1222)===
[[File:Aranybulla1.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A manuscript with a seal attached to it|The [[Golden Bull of 1222]]]]
When he returned to Hungary, Andrew complained to Pope Honorius that his kingdom was "in a miserable and destroyed state, deprived of all of its revenues."{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=54}} A group of barons had even expelled Archbishop John from Hungary.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=133}} Andrew was in massive debt because of his crusade, which forced him to impose extraordinarily high taxes and debase coinage.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=54}} In 1218 or 1219, Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych and captured Andrew's son, Coloman.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=134}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|pp=289–290}} Andrew compromised with Mstislavich. Coloman was released, and Andrew's youngest son and namesake was betrothed to Mstislavich's daughter.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=134}} In 1220, a group of lords persuaded Andrew to make his eldest son, Béla, the duke of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=238}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=425}}

Andrew employed [[Jews in Hungary|Jews]] and [[Böszörmény|Muslims]] to administer royal revenues, which caused a discord between Andrew and the Holy See starting in the early 1220s.{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=96–97}}{{sfn|Berend|2006|p=152}} Pope Honorius urged Andrew and Queen Yolanda to prohibit Muslims from employing Christians.{{sfn|Berend|2006|p=152}} Andrew confirmed the privileges of clergymen, including their exemption from taxes and [[Privilegium fori|their right to be exclusively judged by church courts]], but also prohibited the [[consecration]] of ''[[udvornici]]'', [[castle folk]] and other serfs in early 1222.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=135}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|pp=30–31}} However, a new conflict emerged between Andrew and the Holy See after he persuaded Béla to separate from his wife, Maria Laskarina.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=150}} An "immense crowd" approached Andrew around April 1222, demanding "grave and unjust things", according to a letter of Pope Honorius.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}} Actually, the [[Royal servant (Kingdom of Hungary)|royal servants]]{{mdash}}who were landowners directly subject to the monarch's power and obliged to fight in the royal army{{mdash}}assembled, forcing Andrew to dismiss [[Julius I Kán|Julius Kán]] and his other officials. Andrew was also forced to issue a royal charter, the [[Golden Bull of 1222]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=85, 94}} The charter summarized the liberties of the royal servants, including their exemption from taxes and the jurisdiction of the ''[[ispán]]s''.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|pp=428–429}} The last clause of the Golden Bull authorized "the bishops as well as the other barons and nobles of the realm, singularly and in common" to resist the monarch if he did not honor the provisions of the charter.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=429}} The Golden Bull clearly distinguished the royal servants from the king's other subjects, which led to the rise of the [[Hungarian nobility]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}} The Golden Bull is commonly compared with England's ''[[Magna Carta]]'' – a similar charter which was sealed a few years earlier in 1215.{{sfn|Ertman|1997|p=273}} A significant difference between them is that, in England, the settlement strengthened the position of all the royal subjects but, in Hungary, the aristocracy came to dominate both the crown and the lower orders.{{sfn|Ertman|1997|pp=273&ndash;4}}