Editing Andorra (section)

=== 19th century: the New Reform and the Andorran Question <span class="anchor" id="New Reform of Andorra"></span> ===
[[File:Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit (cropped).png|thumb|upright|left|[[Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit]] led the New Reform of 1866]]
After the [[French Revolution]], [[Napoleon I]] reestablished the Co-Principate in 1809 and removed the French medieval title. In 1812–1813, the [[First French Empire]] annexed Catalonia during the [[Peninsular War]] ({{lang|ca|Guerra Peninsular}}) and divided the region into four [[département]]s, with Andorra as a part of the district of [[Puigcerdà]]. In 1814, an imperial decree reestablished the independence and economy of Andorra.{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|p=172}}{{sfn|Guillamet Anton|2009|p=172}}{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|pp=342–343}}

During this period, Andorra's late medieval institutions and rural culture remained largely unchanged. In 1866, the [[syndic]] [[Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit]] led the reformist group in a Council General of 24 members elected by suffrage limited to heads of families. The Council General replaced the aristocratic oligarchy that previously ruled the state.<ref name="ReferenceA">Page 966, Volume 1, [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911</ref>

The New Reform ({{lang|ca|Nova Reforma}}) began after ratification by both Co-Princes and established the basis of the [[Constitution of Andorra|constitution]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.elperiodic.ad/opinio/article/49262/150-anys-de-la-nova-reforma|title = Antoni Pol – 150 anys de la (nova) Reforma| work=El Periòdic d'Andorra |language = ca|access-date = 2 February 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190506122112/https://www.elperiodic.ad/opinio/article/49262/150-anys-de-la-nova-reforma|archive-date = 6 May 2019}}</ref> and symbols{{snd}}such as the [[Flag of Andorra|tricolour flag]]{{snd}}of Andorra. A new [[service economy]] arose as a demand of the valley inhabitants and began to build infrastructure such as hotels, spa resorts, roads and telegraph lines.{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|pp=192–193}}{{sfn|Guillamet Anton|2009|pp=191–193}}{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|pp=345–347}}

[[File:Revoluci%C3%B3_de_1881_d%27Andorra.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Canillo]] scenery during the Revolution of 1881<ref>{{cite book|title = Saqueo de Canillo por las fuerzas del gobierno revolucionario tras el sitio de la aldea|url = https://www.wdl.org/es/item/18266/|language = es|date =1881|publisher = J. J. Dubochet|access-date = 3 August 2017}}</ref>]]

The authorities of the Co-Princes banned casinos and betting houses throughout the country. The ban resulted in an economic conflict and the Revolution of 1881, which began when revolutionaries assaulted the house of the syndic on 8 December 1880, and established the Provisional Revolutionary Council led by Joan Pla i Calvo and Pere Baró i Mas. The Provisional Revolutionary Council allowed for the construction of casinos and spas by foreign companies.{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|pp=198–203}} From 7 to 9 June 1881, the loyalists of [[Canillo]] and [[Encamp]] reconquered the parishes of [[Ordino]] and [[La Massana]] by establishing contact with the revolutionary forces in [[Escaldes-Engordany]].{{sfn|Peruga Guerrero|1998|pp=59–63}} After a day of combat the [[Pont dels Escalls|Treaty of the Bridge of Escalls]] was signed on 10 June.{{sfn|Ministeri d'Educació, Joventut i Esports|1996|pp=58–65}}{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|pp=194–195}}{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|pp=348–350}} The council was replaced and new elections were held. The economic situation worsened, as the populace was divided over the {{lang|ca|Qüestió d'Andorra}}&nbsp;– the "Andorran Question" in relation to the [[Eastern Question]].{{sfn|Peruga Guerrero|1998|pp=64–68}} The struggles continued between pro-bishops, pro-French, and nationalists based on the troubles of Canillo in 1882 and 1885.{{sfn|Ministeri d'Educació, Joventut i Esports|1996|pp=67–70}}{{sfn|Guillamet Anton|2009|pp=198–203}}{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|pp=352–353}}

Andorra participated in the cultural movement of the Catalan [[Renaixença]]. Between 1882 and 1887, the first academic schools were formed where trilingualism coexisted with the official language, Catalan. [[Romanticism|Romantic]] authors from [[French Third Republic|France]] and [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]] reported the awakening of the [[Romantic nationalism|national consciousness]] of the country. [[Jacint Verdaguer]] lived in Ordino during the 1880s where he wrote and shared works related to the Renaixença with writer and photographer [[Casa Rossell|Joaquim de Riba]].

In 1848, [[Fromental Halévy]] had premiered the opera ''[[Le val d'Andorre]]'' to great success in Europe, where the national consciousness of the valleys was exposed in the romantic work during the Peninsular War.{{sfn|Peruga Guerrero|1998|pp=78–81}}{{sfn|Ministeri d'Educació, Joventut i Esports|1996|p=74}}{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|pp=354–357}}