Editing Anaerobic organism (section)

== Symbiosis ==
Anaerobic respiration and its end products can facilitate [[symbiosis]] between anaerobes and aerobes. This occurs across [[Taxon|taxa]], often in compensation for nutritional needs.<ref name="Moran-2006">{{Cite journal |last=Moran |first=Nancy A. |date=2006-10-24 |title=Symbiosis |journal=Current Biology |language=English |volume=16 |issue=20 |pages=R866–R871 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.019 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=17055966|s2cid=235311996 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2006CBio...16.R866M }}</ref>

Anaerobiosis and symbiosis are found in interactions between [[ciliate]]s and [[prokaryote]]s. Anaerobic ciliates interact with prokaryotes in an [[Endosymbiont|endosymbiotic]] relationship. These relationships are mediated in which the ciliate leaves end products that its prokaryotic symbiont utilizes.  The ciliate achieves this through the use of fermentative metabolism. The [[rumen]] of various animals house this ciliate alongside many other anaerobic bacteria, protozoans, and fungi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flint |first=Harry J. |date=September 1994 |title=Molecular genetics of obligate anaerobes from the rumen |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=259–267 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07110.x |pmid=7926679 |s2cid=24273083 |issn=0378-1097|doi-access=free }}</ref> In specific, methanogenic archaea found in the [[rumen]] acts as a symbiont to anaerobic ciliates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rotterová |first1=Johana |last2=Edgcomb |first2=Virginia P. |last3=Čepička |first3=Ivan |last4=Beinart |first4=Roxanne |date=September 2022 |title=Anaerobic ciliates as a model group for studying symbioses in oxygen-depleted environments |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jeu.12912 |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |language=en |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=e12912 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12912 |pmid=35325496 |s2cid=247677842 |issn=1066-5234}}</ref> These anaerobes are useful to those with a rumen due to their ability to break down cellulose, making it bioavailable when otherwise indigestible by animals.<ref name="Moran-2006" />

[[Termite]]s utilize anaerobic bacteria to fix and recapture nitrogen. In specific, the hindgut of the termite is full of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ranging in function depending on the nitrogen concentration of the diet. Acetylene reduction in termites was observed to upregulate in termites with nitrogen-poor diets, meaning that nitrogenase activity rose as the nitrogen content of the termite was reduced.<ref name="Breznak-1973">{{Cite journal |last1=Breznak |first1=John A. |last2=Brill |first2=Winston J. |last3=Mertins |first3=James W. |last4=Coppel |first4=Harry C. |date=August 1973 |title=Nitrogen Fixation in Termites |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/244577a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=244 |issue=5418 |pages=577–580 |doi=10.1038/244577a0 |pmid=4582514 |bibcode=1973Natur.244..577B |s2cid=4223979 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> One of the functions of termite microbiota is to recapture nitrogen from the termite's uric acid. This allows the conservation of nitrogen from an otherwise nitrogen-poor diet.<ref name="Breznak-1973" /><ref name="Thong-On-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Thong-On |first1=Arunee |last2=Suzuki |first2=Katsuyuki |last3=Noda |first3=Satoko |last4=Inoue |first4=Jun-ichi |last5=Kajiwara |first5=Susumu |last6=Ohkuma |first6=Moriya |date=2012 |title=Isolation and Characterization of Anaerobic Bacteria for Symbiotic Recycling of Uric Acid Nitrogen in the Gut of Various Termites |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsme2/27/2/27_ME11325/_article |journal=Microbes and Environments |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=186–192 |doi=10.1264/jsme2.ME11325 |pmc=4036019 |pmid=22791052}}</ref> The hindgut microbiome of different termites has been analyzed, showing 16 different anaerobic species of bacteria, including [[Clostridia]], [[Enterobacteriaceae]], and [[Coccus|Gram-positive cocci]].<ref name="Thong-On-2012" />