Editing American robin (section)

=== Threats ===

Juveniles and eggs are preyed upon by squirrels, snakes, and some birds.<ref name="ADW"/> Adults are primarily taken by ''[[Accipiter]]'' hawks, cats, and larger snakes such as [[rat snake]]s and [[gopher snake]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cox, T. M. |year=1986|title=More on the bird-eating activities of the black rat snake, ''Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta'' (Say)|journal= North. Ohio Assoc. Herpetol. Notes |volume=14|pages=18–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodríguez-Robles |first1=J. A. |year=2002 |title=Feeding ecology of North American gopher snakes (''Pituophis catenifer'', Colubridae) |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=77 |issue=2|pages=165–183 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00098.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> Canids such as [[Red fox|foxes]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lavin |first1=S. R. |last2=Van Deelen |first2=T. R. |last3=Brown |first3=P. W. |last4=Warner |first4=R. E. |last5=Ambrose |first5=S. H. |year=2003 |title=Prey use by red foxes (''Vulpes vulpes'') in urban and rural areas of Illinois |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=81 |issue=6|pages=1070–1082 |doi=10.1139/z03-088 }}</ref> and dogs take fledglings from the ground. [[Raccoon]]s often prey upon nests, while small agile carnivores such as [[American marten]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagorsen |first1=D. W. |last2=Morrison |first2=K. F. |last3=Forsberg |first3=J. E. |year=1989 |title=Winter diet of Vancouver Island marten (''Martes americana'') |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=67 |issue=6| pages=1394–1400 |doi=10.1139/z89-198 }}</ref> [[ring-tailed cat]]s<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=W. P. |year=1954 |title=Food habits and notes on life history of the ring-tailed cat in Texas |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=35 |issue=1|pages=55–63 |doi=10.2307/1376073 |jstor=1376073 }}</ref> and [[long-tailed weasel]]s hunt adults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yen |first1=C. F. |last2=Klaas |first2=E. E. |last3=Kam |first3=Y. C. |year=1996 |title=Variation in nesting success of the American Robin, ''Turdus migratorius'' |url=http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/35.3/220.pdf |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=220–226 |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025162939/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/35.3/220.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pettingill |first1=O. S. Jr. |year=1976 |title=Observed acts of predation on birds in northern Lower Michigan |journal=Living Bird |volume=15 |pages=33–41 }}</ref> The greatest predatory impact is probably from raptorial birds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sherrod |first1=S. K. |year=1978 |title=Diets of North American Falconiformes |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee72/0f222c174911490ba78f5a8969817c6f4d57.pdf |journal=Raptor Research |volume=12 |issue=3/4 |pages=49–121 |s2cid=127093159 |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029222314/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/DIETS-OF-NORTH-AMERICAN-FALCONIFORMES-Sherrod/ee720f222c174911490ba78f5a8969817c6f4d57?p2df |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morneau |first1=F. |last2=Lépine |first2=C. |last3=Décarie |first3=R. |last4=Villard |first4=M. A. |last5=DesGranges |first5=J. L. |year=1995 |title=Reproduction of American robin (''Turdus migratorius'') in a suburban environment |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=55–62 |doi=10.1016/0169-2046(94)00177-5 |bibcode=1995LUrbP..32...55M }}</ref> 28 raptorial bird species hunt American robins.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Storer, R. W. |year=1966 |title=Sexual dimorphism and food habits in three North American accipiters |journal=The Auk |volume=83|issue=3|pages=423–436 |jstor=4083053 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/21529 |doi=10.2307/4083053 |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107214411/https://sora.unm.edu/node/21529|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bent, A. C. (1938). ''Life histories of North American birds of prey, pt. 2''. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. no. 170.</ref> Adult robins are most vulnerable while breeding activities, whereas feeding flocks are vigilant for predators.<ref name="ADW"/>

The American robin rejects [[cowbird]] eggs, so [[Brood parasite|brood parasitism]] by the [[brown-headed cowbird]] is rare, and the parasite's chick does not often survive to [[fledging]].<ref name= Wolfe>{{cite journal |last=Wolfe |first=Donald H. |date=December 1994 |title=Brown-headed Cowbirds fledged from Barn Swallow and American Robin nests |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |jstor=4163497 |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=764–766 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/131255 |access-date= 13 October 2013 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107214425/https://sora.unm.edu/node/131255 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a study of 105 juvenile robins, 77.1% were infected with  [[Parasite|endoparasites]], ''[[Syngamus]]'' sp. being the most commonly encountered, in 57.1% of the birds.<ref name= Welt>{{cite journal |last1=Welte |first1=S. C. |last2=Kirkpatrick |first2=C. E. |year=1986 |title=Syngamiasis in juvenile American Robins (''Turdus migratorius''), with a note on the prevalence of other fecal parasites |journal=Avian Diseases |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=736–9 |doi=10.2307/1590578 |jstor=1590578 |pmid=2949729}}</ref>