Editing Albert Speer (section)

===Consolidation of arms production===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H28426, A. Speer, E. Milch, W. Messerschmitt.jpg|thumb|Speer with Luftwaffe field marshal [[Erhard Milch]] and aircraft designer [[Willy Messerschmitt]], May 1944]]
Following his appointment as Minister of Armaments, Speer was in control of armaments production solely for the Army. He coveted control of the production of armaments for the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' and ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' as well. He set about extending his power and influence with unexpected ambition.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|pp=7–8}} His close relationship with Hitler provided him with political protection, and he was able to outwit and outmaneuver his rivals in the regime. Hitler's cabinet was dismayed at his tactics, but, regardless, he was able to accumulate new responsibilities and more power.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|pp=7–8}} By July 1943, he had gained control of armaments production for the ''Luftwaffe'' and ''Kriegsmarine''.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|pp=167–169}} In August 1943, he took control of most of the Ministry of Economics, to become, in [[Admiral Dönitz]]'s words, "Europe's economic dictator". His formal title was changed on 2 September 1943, to "Reich Minister for Armaments and War Production". He had become one of the most powerful people in Nazi Germany.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|pp=7–8}}

Speer and his hand-picked director of submarine construction {{interlanguage link|Otto Merker|de|Otto Merker (Generaldirektor)}} believed that the shipbuilding industry was being held back by outdated methods, and revolutionary new approaches imposed by outsiders would dramatically improve output.{{sfn|Tooze|2006|p=614}} This belief proved incorrect, and Speer and Merker's attempt to build the ''Kriegsmarine''{{'}}s new generation of submarines, the [[Type XXI submarine|Type XXI]] and [[Type XXIII submarine|Type XXIII]], as [[Prefabrication|prefabricated]] sections at different facilities rather than at single dockyards contributed to the failure of this strategically important program. The designs were rushed into production, but the completed submarines were crippled by construction flaws. While dozens of submarines were built, few ever entered service.{{sfn|Tooze|2006|pp=616–618}}

In December 1943, Speer visited Organisation Todt workers in [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]], where he seriously damaged his knee and was incapacitated for several months.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|pp=8–9}} He was under the dubious care of Professor [[Karl Gebhardt]] at a medical clinic called Hohenlychen where patients "mysteriously failed to survive".{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|p=188}} In mid-January 1944, Speer had a lung embolism and fell seriously ill. Concerned about retaining power, he did not appoint a deputy and continued to direct work of the Armaments Ministry from his bedside. Speer's illness coincided with the Allied "[[Big Week]]", a series of bombing raids on the German aircraft factories that were a devastating blow to aircraft production.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|pp=188–189}} His political rivals used the opportunity to undermine his authority and damage his reputation with Hitler. He lost Hitler's unconditional support and began to lose power.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|pp=8–9}}
[[File:Hitler_at_the_Adlerhorst,_January_1945_with_(l-r)_Albert_Speer,_Colonel-General_Alfred_Jodl,_Field_Marshal_Wilhelm_Keitel_and_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg|thumb| Minister of Foreign Affairs Joachim von Ribbentrop, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and Generaloberst Alfred Jodl and Minister of Armaments Albert Speer brought New Year's greetings "to the Führer" on January 1, 1945.]]

In response to the Allied Big Week, Adolf Hitler authorized the creation of a [[Jägerstab|Fighter Staff committee]]. Its aim was to ensure the preservation and growth of fighter aircraft production. The task force was established by 1 March 1944, orders of Speer, with support from [[Erhard Milch]] of the Reich Aviation Ministry.{{sfn|Boog|Krebs|Vogel|2006|p=347}} Production of German fighter aircraft more than doubled between 1943 and 1944.{{sfn|Overy|2002|p=343}} The growth, however, consisted in large part of models that were becoming obsolescent and proved easy prey for Allied aircraft.{{sfn|Tooze|2006|pp=582–584}} On 1 August 1944, Speer merged the Fighter Staff into a newly formed [[Rüstungsstab|Armament Staff committee]].{{sfn|Uziel|2012|p=82}}

The Fighter Staff committee was instrumental in bringing about the increased exploitation of [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|slave labor]] in the war economy.{{sfn|Buggeln|p=45|2014}} The SS provided 64,000 prisoners for 20 separate projects from various concentration camps including [[Mittelbau-Dora]]. Prisoners worked for [[Junkers]], [[Messerschmitt]], [[Henschel & Son|Henschel]] and [[BMW#1939–1945: World War II|BMW]], among others.{{sfn|Buggeln|pp=46–48|2014}} To increase production, Speer introduced a system of punishments for his workforce. Those who feigned illness, slacked off, sabotaged production or tried to escape were denied food or sent to concentration camps. In 1944, this became endemic; over half a million workers were arrested.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|p=215}} By this time, 140,000 people were working in Speer's underground factories. These factories were death-traps; discipline was brutal, with regular executions. There were so many corpses at the Dora underground factory, for example, that the crematorium was overwhelmed. Speer's own staff described the conditions there as "hell".{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|p=221}}

The largest technological advance under Speer's command came through the rocket program. It began in 1932 but had not supplied any weaponry. Speer enthusiastically supported the program and in March 1942 made an order for A4 rockets, the predecessor of the world's first ballistic missile, the [[V-2 rocket]]. The rockets were researched at a facility in [[Peenemünde]] along with the [[V-1 flying bomb]]. The V-2's first target was Paris on 8 September 1944. The program, while advanced, proved to be an impediment to the war economy. The large capital investment was not repaid in military effectiveness.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|p=216}} The rockets were built at an underground factory at [[Mittelwerk]]. Labor to build the A4 rockets came from the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp. Of the 60,000 people who ended up at the camp, 20,000 died due to the appalling conditions.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|p=221}}

On 14 April 1944, Speer lost control of Organisation Todt to his deputy, [[Franz Xaver Dorsch]].{{sfn| Speer| 1970| pp=432–433}} He opposed the [[20 July plot|assassination attempt against Hitler]] on 20 July 1944. He was not involved in the plot, and played a minor role in the regime's efforts to regain control over Berlin after Hitler survived.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|pp=204–205}} After the plot Speer's rivals attacked some of his closest allies and his management system fell out of favor with radicals in the party. He lost yet more authority.{{sfn|Kitchen|2015|p=8}}