Editing Aden (section)

===Post-independence ===
{{see also|South Yemen}}
The last British soldier left Aden on November 30, 1967, and the [[National Liberation Front (South Yemen)|National Liberation Front]] had the upper hand at the expense of the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, whose members were divided between joining the National Front or leaving for North Yemen, so Abdullah Al-Asanj and Muhammad Basindwa left for North Yemen.<ref>Al-Hawadess, 1977 ''Events, Issues 20-33'' p.187</ref> Qahtan al-Sha'bi assumed the presidency of the new state, and the sheikhdoms of the Eastern Protectorate of Hadramaut and Al-Mahra were annexed to the new state. Al-Shaabi took over a new country with a collapsed economy. Civilian workers and businessmen left, and British support ceased. The closure of the Suez Canal in 1967 played an important role in the country's economy, as it reduced the number of ships crossing Aden by 75%.<ref>Noel Brehony ''Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia'' p.31</ref>

The new state was divided into six governorates on December 11, 1967, in order to end the manifestations of tribalism in the state and ignore the tribal borders between the defunct sheikhdoms.<ref>Noel Brehony ''Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia'' p.34</ref> On March 20, 1968, Qahtan dismissed all leftist leaders from the government and party membership. He was able to put down a rebellion led by leftist factions in the army in May of the same year, and faced new rebellions from leftist parties in July, August and December 1968.<ref>Nadav Safran ''Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security'' p.128</ref> This is because all Arab countries welcomed the front. National Liberation received a cold reception. Regimes like Egypt wanted to merge the National Front with the [[Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen]], where the leftist section was more numerous than the supporters of the popular Qahtan.<ref>Noel Brehony ''Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia'' p.32-33</ref> They wanted a regime that would lead the masses and face the great challenges facing the new state, the most important of which was the bankruptcy of the treasury.

[[File:The Freedom Statue.jpg|thumb|left|People celebrating the [[14th October Revolution]] next to the "Freedom statue" in al-Oroud Square]]
Qahtan al-Shaabi dismissed Interior Minister Muhammad Ali Haitham on 16 June 1969, but the latter, with his ties to the tribes and the army, reassembled the leftist forces that had been dispersed by President Qahtan al-Shaabi, and they were able to place him under house arrest on 22 June.<ref>Fred Haliday ''Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987'' p.25</ref> A presidential committee was formed from Five people: Salem Rabie Ali, who became president, Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister. This group took an extreme leftist line, declaring its support for the Palestinians and the Dhofar Revolution, and strengthening its relationship with the Soviet Union. West Germany severed its relationship with the state due to its recognition of East Germany, and the United States also severed its relationship in October 1969. The new powers issued a new constitution, nationalised foreign banks and insurance companies, and changed the name of the country to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in line with the Marxist-Leninist approach they followed. A centrally planned economy was established.<ref>David Walker, Daniel Gray ''The A to Z of Marxism'' p. 329</ref> The port of Aden was the largest source of national income for the Republic of South Yemen, but the closure of the Suez Canal by Egypt between the years 1967 and 1975 - reduced commercial activities in the port.<ref name="مولد تلقائيا1">{{Cite web |last=Khalili |first=Laleh |date=2014-08-31 |title=How the (closure of the) Suez Canal changed the world |url=https://thegamming.org/2014/08/31/how-the-closure-of-the-suez-canal-changed-the-world/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=The Gamming |language=en}}</ref>

Salem Rabie Ali wanted to adopt a practical approach, so he communicated with the President of North Yemen, Ibrahim al-Hamdi, and made attempts to restore normal relations with Western countries. During his presidency, relations between South Yemen and Saudi Arabia were established in 1976.<ref>Fred Halliday ''Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987'' p.27</ref> President Salmin, as he is known, coveted more Soviet support, so the contract with Saudi Arabia worried him. The Soviets pushed them to increase aid, but relations with Saudi Arabia became strained again in 1977 following the assassination of North Yemeni President Ibrahim al-Hamdi.<ref>Nadav Safran ''Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security'' p.289</ref> It is believed that Salem Rabie Ali orchestrated the assassination of Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi in revenge for Ibrahim al-Hamdi.<ref>Sarah Phillips ''Yemen's democracy experiment in regional perspective : patronage and pluralized authoritarianism'' p.44</ref> Salem Rabie Ali was subjected to a quick trial that ended with his execution and Abdel Fattah Ismail assuming the presidency of South Yemen. Relations with North Yemen became tense, due to Fattah's support for the factions opposing Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was more fanatical than his predecessors. Relations with the Soviet Union became active in an unprecedented way, so the Front War broke out in 1978, in which the Soviet Union and the United States intervened.<ref>Peter J. Chelkowski, Robert J. Pranger ''Ideology and Power in the Middle East: Studies in Honor of George Lenczowski'' p.265</ref>

Ali Nasser Muhammad was able to force Abd al-Fattah Ismail al-Jawfi to resign for "health reasons", and Ismail was exiled to Moscow two years after he assumed the presidency.<ref>Yevgeny Primakov,''Russia and the Arabs : behind the scenes in the Middle East from the Cold War to the present'' New York : Basic Books p.84</ref> Despite the approach of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and its removal of tribal aspects, tribalism remained alive among politicians and the public despite the exposure of its sheikhs. Tribes from their authorities. Tribal and regional favouritism and nepotism remained rife in southern Yemen, as political forces called on their tribal and regional affiliations during crises.<ref>Halim Barakat ''The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State''University of California Press, 1993'' p.159''</ref>

[[File:Store in Aden.jpg|thumb|left|A ''[[Coffeehouse|Maqhaya]]'' in Aden with the flag of the ruling [[Yemeni Socialist Party]] hanging above it, 1989]]
By January 1986, Aden was torn apart by the rivalry of two factions in the ruling Socialist Party, when President Ali Nasser Muhammad's guards launched a surprise attack on the political party's office in Aden on January 13, 1986. This was the beginning of the 1986 civil war in South Yemen.<ref name="مولد تلقائيا12">Ibid p.72</ref> The basis of the war was regional. Ali Nasser Muhammad was from Abyan Governorate, while most of those killed in the political party office were from Al-Dhalea and Lahj.<ref>Stephen W. Day,''Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union'' p.73</ref> Military brigades from those areas bombed Aden from land and sea, forcing Ali Nasser Muhammad to flee and hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers to flee to northern Yemen, including [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi]].<ref>Stephen W. Day, Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union p.74</ref> This was followed by systematic killings and liquidations against the people of Abyan Governorate, on charges that they were collaborating with Ali Nasser Muhammad. Nearly ten thousand people were killed and thousands migrated towards North Yemen, most of whom were from Abyan and Shabwa.<ref>Stephen W. Day,''Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union'' p.74</ref>

With the [[Yemeni unification|unification]] of [[Yemen Arab Republic|north]] and south Yemen in 1990, Aden was no longer a national capital but remained the capital of ''Aden Governorate'' which covered an area similar to that of the Aden Colony.

On 29 December 1992, [[Al Qaeda]] conducted its first known [[terrorism|terrorist]] attack in Aden, bombing the [[Gold Mohur Hotel]], where US servicemen were known to have been staying en route to [[Somalia]] for [[Operation Restore Hope]]. A Yemeni and an Austrian tourist died in the attack.<ref name="pbs-1stattack">{{cite web |title=Timeline: Al Qaeda's Global Context: Al Qaeda's First Attack |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/etc/cron.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215062157/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/etc/cron.html |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=30 November 2007 |work=Frontline: The Man Who Knew |publisher=pbs.org}}</ref>
[[File:Yemen 1994 civil-war 03.jpg|left|thumb|Pictures from the [[Yemeni Civil War (1994)|1994 Yemeni civil war]].]]
That war marked the end of the state of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and [[Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas|Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas]] assumed the presidency until May 22, 1990, the [[Yemeni unification|unity of South Yemen with North Yemen]], and the establishment of the Republic of Yemen. At that time, [[Ali Salem al Beidh|Ali Salem Al-Baidh]] was considered [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]]'s deputy, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas was considered [[Prime Minister of Yemen|prime minister]], and after the [[1993 Yemeni parliamentary election|1993 elections]]. Conflicts began within the ruling coalition, and Vice President Ali Salem Al-Beidh retreated to Aden in August 1993. The general security situation in the country deteriorated, and the complete integration of the two armies failed. The southern forces, which were transferred to [['Amran Governorate|Amran]], clashed with the northern forces there, and the forces of the northern giants, which were transferred to Amran, clashed. Abyan with the southern forces, and the political parties signed the [[1994 Covenant and Agreement]], in the Jordanian capital, on February 20, 1994, in an attempt to end the crisis, and successive events led to the outbreak of the Summer [[Yemeni Civil War (1994)|1994 civil war]], and the southern military leaders who fled after the events of 1986 joined the ranks of the forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, and supported the Unity Army in the war against their former comrades in 1994 in the war against the separatists.<ref>[http://yemen24news.blogspot.com/2012/02/hadi-elected-as-yemen-new-president.html "Hadi elected as Yemen new president", February 25, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019235638/http://yemen24news.blogspot.com/2012/02/hadi-elected-as-yemen-new-president.html|date=19 أكتوبر 2017}}</ref> At the forefront of these emerged a group of the brightest officers, such as President Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi, who became Minister of Defense at the time, the former Chief of Staff, Major General Abdullah Aliwa, and Major General Salem Qatan, who was assassinated by an Al-Qaeda gunman. After the war, Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi was appointed Vice President of the Republic, and remained in office. He held his position until 2012, when he was elected president of the country.[[File:Aden, Yemen Port.jpg|thumb|right|View of Aden from the sea]]

Members of al Qaeda attempted to bomb the US guided-missile destroyer [[USS The Sullivans (DDG-68)|''The Sullivans'']] at the port of Aden as part of the [[2000 millennium attack plots]]. The boat that had the explosives in it sank, forcing the planned attack to be aborted.<ref name="fbi-terror-00-01">{{cite web |author1=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=2004 |title=Terrorism 2000/2001 2004–306-694 |url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror/terrorism-2000-2001#Terrorism_2000/2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621075632/https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror/terrorism-2000-2001/#Terrorism_2000/2001 |archive-date=June 21, 2016 |access-date=February 4, 2015 |website=www.fbi.gov |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]}} ([https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror/terror00_01.pdf PDF version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204055547/https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/stats-services-publications-terror-terror00_01.pdf|date=February 4, 2021}})</ref><ref name="Piszkiewicz">{{cite book |last=Piszkiewicz |first=Dennis |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismswarwit00denn |title=Terrorism's war with America: A history |publisher=Praeger |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-275-97952-2 |edition=first |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/terrorismswarwit00denn/page/123 123] |access-date=February 4, 2015 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>"''[[Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror]]''" [[Richard A. Clarke]].  {{ISBN|0-7432-6823-7}} {{page needed|date=February 2015}}</ref>

The [[USS Cole bombing|bombing attack on destroyer USS ''Cole'']] took place in Aden on 12 October 2000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ward |first=Alex |date=8 November 2018 |title=Trump's Justice Department is fighting US terrorist attack victims in the Supreme Court |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/8/18075314/supreme-court-uss-cole-lawsuit-terrorist-sudan |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref>

In 2007 growing dissatisfaction with unification led to the formation of the secessionist [[South Yemen Movement]]. According to ''The New York Times'', the Movement's mainly underground leadership includes socialists, Islamists and individuals desiring a return to the perceived benefits of the [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html |title=In Yemen's South, Protests Could Cause More Instability |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 February 2010 |access-date=8 February 2010 |first=Robert F. |last=Worth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304233745/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html |archive-date= 4 March 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>