Editing 1960 Winter Olympics (section)

== Sport competitions ==
=== Ice hockey ===
[[Image:Squaw-Valley-US-Russia-Final Buzzer-1960.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Ice hockey match between the [[United States men's national ice hockey team|United States]] and [[Soviet Union national ice hockey team|Soviet Union]]. The United States won the game, 3–2.]]
{{main|Ice hockey at the 1960 Winter Olympics}}
The [[ice hockey]] tournament took place at Blyth Arena and the [[Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink]].{{sfn|Squaw Valley Organizing Committee|1960|p=121}}  Controversy over the amateur status of communist players overshadowed the event. [[Canada at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Canadian]] Olympic officials objected to the use of "professional amateurs" by [[Eastern Bloc]] countries, and especially the [[Soviet Union at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Soviet Union]]. They alleged that the Soviets were giving their elite hockey players phantom jobs in the military that allowed them to play hockey full-time, which gave Soviet teams an advantage that they used to dominate Olympic hockey tournaments for more than 30&nbsp;years.{{sfn|Caraccioli|Caraccioli|2006|p=48}}  This issue started coming to light during the 1960 Games and would culminate in a Canadian boycott of the Olympic hockey tournament at the [[1972 Winter Olympics|1972]] and [[1976 Winter Olympics]].{{sfn|Caraccioli|Caraccioli|2006|p=xvii}}  The team from the [[United States at the 1960 Winter Olympics|United States]] won an improbable gold medal, defeating the favored Canadian and Soviet teams, who took silver and bronze respectively.<ref name=srhockey>{{cite web|title=Ice Hockey at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/ICH/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417054022/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/ICH/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 4, 2011}}</ref>  This was the first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey for the United States and it would mark the last time a Soviet team did not win the Olympic tournament until the [[United States at the 1980 Winter Olympics|United States]] [[Miracle on Ice|victory]] at the [[1980 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/olympics/2008/results/historical/events/322.htm|title=Ice Hockey: Ice Hockey Men|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=August 4, 2011}}</ref>

=== Cross-country skiing ===
{{Main|Cross-country skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics}}
[[File:Sixten Jernberg, Innsbruck 1964.jpg|thumb|right|Sixten Jernberg in an Olympic cross-country race]]
There were six [[cross-country skiing (sport)|cross-country skiing]] races at the 1960 Olympics, four for men and two for women, all held at the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. Soviet women swept the 10&nbsp;kilometer race, which was the first medal sweep for the Soviets in cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics.<ref name=srcc>{{cite web|title=Cross Country Skiing at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/CCS/|access-date=August 11, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716122219/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/CCS/| archive-date= July 16, 2011 | url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=mariya>{{cite web|title=Mariya Gusakova|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/mariya-gusakova-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418033240/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/mariya-gusakova-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref> They were however upset by [[Sweden at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Sweden]] in the 3×5 kilometer relay.<ref name=srcc/>  Nordic countries dominated the men's competition. Swedish lumberjack [[Sixten Jernberg]] added a gold and silver to the four medals he won in 1956. He would add two golds and a bronze in [[1964 Winter Olympics|1964]] to finish his Olympic career with nine medals, which made him the most decorated Winter Olympian.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sixten Jernberg|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/je/sixten-jernberg-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417070624/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/je/sixten-jernberg-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sixten Jernberg|publisher=ESPN|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/winter/2010/athletes/_/athlete/33164/sixten-jernberg|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref> The [[Finland at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Finnish]] skier [[Veikko Hakulinen]] added a gold, silver and bronze to the two golds and two silvers he had won in [[1952 Winter Olympics|1952]] and 1956.<ref name=judd/><ref>{{cite web|title=Veikko Hakulinen|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ha/veikko-hakulinen-1.html|access-date=August 11, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716122226/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ha/veikko-hakulinen-1.html| archive-date= July 16, 2011 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Biathlon ===
{{Main|Biathlon at the 1960 Winter Olympics}}
[[File:Klas Lestander in Squaw Valley 1960.jpg|thumb|left|Klas Lestander during the 1960 Olympic biathlon competition]]
[[Biathlon]] made its Olympic debut in 1960. The precursor to biathlon, [[military patrol]], was on the Olympic program for the [[1924 Winter Olympics|first Olympic Games]] in 1924. It was a [[demonstration sport]] at the [[1928 Winter Olympics|1928]], [[1936 Winter Olympics|1936]], and [[1948 Winter Olympics]], though the competition was only open to members of the armed forces. Military patrol fell out of favor in 1948 due to anti-military sentiments in the post World War II era.{{sfn|Crego|2003|p=132}}  Biathlon took its place and was instated as a full Olympic sport in 1960. It encompassed a 20&nbsp;kilometer cross-country race with four shooting stations at ranges from {{convert|100|to|250|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Crego|2003|pp=132–133}}  [[Klas Lestander]] from Sweden became the first Olympic champion, [[Antti Tyrväinen]] from Finland and Soviet [[Aleksandr Privalov]] placed second and third respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biathlon at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/BIA/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417054027/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/BIA/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref>

=== Nordic combined ===
{{Main|Nordic combined at the 1960 Winter Olympics}}
The [[Nordic combined]] competition was held on February 21 at the Squaw Valley normal hill and the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. The athletes had three jumps on February 21 followed by a 15&nbsp;kilometer cross-country race.<ref name=srnc>{{cite web|title=Nordic Combined at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/NCO/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417053620/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/NCO/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref>  [[Germany at the 1960 Winter Olympics|German]] skier [[Georg Thoma]] became the first non-Nordic athlete to win the event. He would win bronze medal in the Nordic combined in 1964.<ref>{{cite web|title=Georg Thoma|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/th/georg-thoma-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418135437/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/th/georg-thoma-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref> [[Tormod Knutsen]] of Norway and [[Nikolay Gusakov]] of the Soviet Union placed second and third, respectively. Gusakov's wife, [[Maria Gusakova]], competed in the cross-country events, winning a gold and silver.<ref name=srnc/><ref>{{cite web|title=Nikolay Gusakov|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/nikolay-gusakov-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418033216/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/nikolay-gusakov-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref>

=== Ski jumping ===
{{Main|Ski jumping at the 1960 Winter Olympics}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-37342-0004, Oberwiesenthal, Oster-Skispringen, Helmut Recknagel.jpg|thumb|right|Helmut Recknagel at a ski jumping event]]
There was one [[ski jumping]] event at the 1960 Games, the men's normal hill, which was held on February 28. In 1964, the competition would be expanded to include a men's large hill event. [[Helmut Recknagel]] became the first German to win the event.<ref name=srsj>{{cite web|title=Ski Jumping at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/SKJ/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417054019/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/SKJ/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ski Jumping|publisher=ESPN|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/winter/2010/sports/_/name/sj/ski-jumping|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref>  In [[1994 Winter Olympics|1994]] he would be joined by [[Jens Weißflog]] as the only German ski jumping Olympic champions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Ski Jumping Medalists|publisher=Ski Jumping Committee-USSA Eastern Division|url=http://www.skijumpeast.com/olymdls.htm|access-date=August 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930042500/http://www.skijumpeast.com/olymdls.htm|archive-date=September 30, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Niilo Halonen]] from Finland and [[Austria at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Austrian]] [[Otto Leodolter]] earned the silver and bronze medals.<ref name=srsj/>

=== Figure skating ===
{{Main|Figure skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics}}
Held at [[Blyth Arena|Blyth Memorial Arena]], the [[figure skating]] competition took place between February 19 and 26. Although this was not the first time figure skating had been held indoors, it would never be contested outdoors again.<ref name=srfs>{{cite web|title=Figure Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/FSK/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417063557/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/FSK/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref>  There were three events: men's and women's singles and the pairs competition. In the men's event, [[David Jenkins (figure skater)|David Jenkins]] of the United States, brother of 1956 Winter Olympic figure skating champion [[Hayes Jenkins]], won the gold medal.<ref name=judd>{{cite book|title=The Winter Olympics|last=Judd|first=Ron C.|publisher=The Mountaineers Books|location=Seattle, USA|year=2008|isbn=9781594850639|page=28}}
</ref>  It was his second Olympic medal, having won the bronze in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|title=Figure Skating at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1956/FSK/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417054054/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1956/FSK/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref>  [[Czechoslovakia at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Czechoslovakian]] [[Karol Divín]] took the silver medal, and Canadian [[Donald Jackson (figure skater)|Donald Jackson]] won the bronze.<ref name=srfs/><ref>{{cite web|title=Czechoslovakia|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/TCH/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092821/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/TCH/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref> American Carol Heiss, winner of the silver medal in 1956, became the Olympic champion in 1960. A year later she married Hayes Jenkins and starred in ''[[Snow White and the Three Stooges]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carol Heiss|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/he/carol-heiss-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417223544/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/he/carol-heiss-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref> The [[Netherlands at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Dutch]] skater [[Sjoukje Dijkstra]] took the silver medal; she would finish her amateur career with an Olympic gold medal in [[1964 Winter Olympics|1964]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sjoukje Dijkstra|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/di/sjoukje-dijkstra-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417231825/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/di/sjoukje-dijkstra-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref> [[Barbara Ann Roles]] competed for the United States and won its third figure skating medal of the competition when she took the bronze. The Soviet Union made its Olympic figure skating debut by sending two couples to compete in the pairs competition; the result belied the fact that Soviet skaters would soon come to dominate this event.<ref name=srfs/> The competition was won by the Canadian pair of [[Barbara Wagner]] and [[Robert Paul (figure skater)|Bob Paul]] who had won the last three world championships. The German pair [[Marika Kilius]] and [[Hans-Jürgen Bäumler]] followed their recent European championship victory with the Olympic silver medal, and the American husband-and-wife team of [[Ron Ludington|Ron]] and [[Nancy Ludington]] took the bronze.<ref>{{cite web|title=Figure Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games: Mixed Pairs|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/FSK/mixed-pairs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417223829/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/FSK/mixed-pairs.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref>

=== Speed skating ===
{{Main|Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics}}
Women were allowed to compete in the Olympic [[speed skating]] competition for the first time in 1960. Multiple nations had requested the inclusion of women's speed skating events in the program for the 1956 Games, but the request was rejected by the IOC.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement|last1=Findling|first1=John E.|last2=Pelle|first2=Kimberly D.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, USA|year=1996|page=259|isbn=0313284776}}</ref>  The issue was revisited for the 1960 Games, and since women had been competing internationally since 1936 and there was a World Championship for women's speed skating, the IOC agreed to four events; 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 3,000 meters (the same as the number of men's events).<ref name="srss">{{cite web|title=Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/SSK/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417054029/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/SSK/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref>  Most of the events were held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink, which was an outdoor skating oval, and featured artificial ice, a first for the Olympic speed skating competition. Given the altitude and the artificial ice, the rink was the fastest in the world, as evidenced by [[Norway at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Norwegian]] [[Knut Johannesen]]'s world record in the 10,000 meter event. At 15:46.6 he was the first skater ever to break the 16-minute barrier, and eclipsed the previous world record by 46 seconds.<ref name=srss/>  Despite Johannesen's victory, the Soviets dominated the speed skating events, winning all but two of the races. [[Yevgeny Grishin (speed skater)|Yevgeny Grishin]] won both the 500 and 1,500 meter races, though he shared the 1,500 meter gold medal with Norwegian [[Roald Aas]]. Grishin said that "watching the Soviet flag wave in the blue American sky" was the proudest moment of his life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiovesti.ru/brand/60935/episode/1359901/|title = Зимняя Олимпиада 1960 года: советский флаг в американском небе}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games:Men's 1,500 metres|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/SSK/mens-1500-metres.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418034803/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/SSK/mens-1500-metres.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref>  [[Lidiya Skoblikova]] from the Soviet Union was the other double gold medalist, when she won the 1,500 and 3,000 meter events. [[Poland at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Polish]] skaters [[Helena Pilejczyk]] and [[Elwira Seroczyńska]] placed second and third in the 1,500 meter event, which were Poland's only medals of the Games. They were just the second and third Poles ever to win Winter Olympic medals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poland|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/POL/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093102/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/POL/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref>

=== Alpine skiing ===
{{Main|Alpine skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics}}
Despite the facilities being constructed from scratch at Squaw Valley, the resort did have steep mountain slopes in close proximity, resulting in some of the most difficult [[alpine skiing]] courses in Olympic history.<ref name=judd/> Both men and women competed in the downhill, giant slalom and slalom with all 6 events held between February 20 and 26.<ref name=sras>{{cite web|title=Alpine Skiing at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/ASK/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417063603/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/ASK/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref> The men's downhill was won by [[France at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Frenchman]] [[Jean Vuarnet]] who changed the sport by becoming the first Olympic champion to use metal skis.<ref name=judd/> [[Switzerland at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Swiss]] skier [[Roger Staub]] won the giant slalom and [[Ernst Hinterseer]] from [[Austria at the 1960 Winter Olympics|Austria]] was the slalom champion. German [[Heidi Biebl]] won the women's downhill, [[Yvonne Rüegg]] of Switzerland won the giant slalom and [[Anne Heggtveit]] from Canada won the slalom. [[Penny Pitou]] of the United States was the only multiple medal winner with two silvers in the downhill and giant slalom.<ref name=sras/>