Editing 1951 (section)

===July===
* [[July 4]] –  [[William Shockley]] of Bell Labs in the United States announces the invention jointly with [[John Bardeen]] and [[Walter Brattain]] of the [[grown-junction transistor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1951-First.html|title=1951 – First Grown-Junction Transistors Fabricated|publisher=[[Computer History Museum]]|year=2007|access-date=2025-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929202940/http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1951-First.html|archive-date=2012-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref> Also this year, General Electric and RCA develop the [[alloy-junction transistor]].
* [[July 10]]
** Korean War: [[Armistice]] negotiations begin at [[Kaesong]].
** A formal peace agreement between [[Canada]] and [[Germany]] is signed.
* [[July 13]] – [[Vuoristorata]], one of the oldest still-operating wooden roller coasters in Europe, is opened at the [[Linnanmäki|Linnanmäki amusement park]] in [[Helsinki|Helsinki, Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/jarrumiehiksi_kelpasivat_vain_ilmavoimien_lentajat__linnanmaen_vuoristorata_avattiin_65_vuotta_sitten/9021525 |title=Jarrumiehiksi kelpasivat vain ilmavoimien lentäjät – Linnanmäen vuoristorata avattiin 65 vuotta sitten |last=Rita |first=Mikko |date=2016-07-13 |work=[[Yle]] |language=fi |access-date=2023-07-13}}</ref><ref>''Tieteen kuvalehti'': Historia 11/2014, p. 74. (in Finnish)</ref>
* [[July 16]] – King [[Leopold III of Belgium]] abdicates in favour of his son [[Baudouin of Belgium|Baudouin]], who on July 17 takes the oath as king of Belgium.
* [[July 20]] – King [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] is assassinated by a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] while attending Friday prayers in [[Jerusalem]]. He is succeeded by his son, King [[Talal of Jordan|Talal]].
* [[July 22]] – [[Soviet space dogs]] [[Dezik and Tsygan]] become the first to enter space, in a 15-minute [[sub-orbital spaceflight]] in an [[R-1 (missile)|R-1 rocket]], being safely parachuted back to earth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Siddiqi|first=Asif|title=Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974|year=2000|publisher=NASA|page=95|url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/SP-4408pt1.pdf}}</ref>
* [[July 23]] – Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]], former Prime Minister and Head of State of France, Chief of State of [[Vichy France]] during [[World War II]], hero commander of [[World War I]] who led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long [[Battle of Verdun]], for which he was called "the Lion of Verdun", dies while serving a sentence of life-imprisonment on the island of [[Île-d'Yeu]] at 95 years old.
* [[July 26]] – The first [[birch bark manuscript]] is discovered in [[Novgorod]].
* [[July 28]] – [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]], a [[multilateral treaty]] of the [[United Nations]], is signed at a special conference in [[Geneva]], defining the status of [[refugee]]s and setting out the basis for granting [[right of asylum]], coming into force on 22 April 1954.