Editing Manchu language (section)

== Numerals ==
The [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|1 ''emu'' 
|11 ''juwan emu'' 
|
|
|-
|2 ''juwe'' 
|12 ''juwan juwe'' 
|20 ''orin''⁑ 
|200 ''juwe tanggū'' 
|-
|3 ''ilan'' 
|13 ''juwan ilan'' 
|30 ''gūsin''⁂ 
|300 ''ilan tanggū'' 
|-
|4 ''duin'' 
|14 ''juwan duin'' 
|40 ''dehi'' 
|etc.
|-
|5 ''sunja'' 
|15 ''tofohon''* 
|50 ''susai'' 
|
|-
|6 ''ninggun'' 
|16 ''juwan ninggun'' 
|60 ''ninju'' 
|
|-
|7 ''nadan'' 
|etc.
|70 ''nadanju'' 
|
|-
|8 ''jakūn'' 
|
|80 ''jakūnju'' 
|
|-
|9 ''uyun'' 
|
|90 ''uyunju'' 
|
|-
|10 ''juwan''
|
|100 ''tanggū'' 
|
|}
21 ''orin emu'' etc.

101 ''tanggū emu'' etc.

1000 ''minggan'' (from Mongolian ''‹mingɣ-a(n)›'')

10000 ''tumen'' (from Mongolian ''‹tüme(n)›'')

100000 ''juwan tumen''

1000000 ''tanggū tumen''

<nowiki>*</nowiki> irregular; cf. Mongolian ''‹tabu(n)›'' "five"<ref name="Haenisch 1986, 45">Haenisch 1986, 45.</ref>

⁑ cf. Mongolian ''‹qori(n)›''<ref name="Haenisch 1986, 45"/>

⁂ cf. Mongolian ''‹ɣuči(n)›''<ref name="Haenisch 1986, 45"/>

For higher numbers, loanwords from [[Sanskrit]] are also used, above all in the translation of Buddhist texts.<ref>Möllendorff 1892, 6f., Gorelova 2002, 201f.</ref>

Most [[ordinal numeral]]s are formed with the suffix ''-ci,'' before which stem-final ''-n'' is elided (except in ''juwanci'' "tenth" and ''tumenci'' "tenthousandth").<ref>Möllendorff 1892, 6f., Gorelova 2002, 201f.; Haenisch 1986, 45.</ref> [[Distributive numeral]]s are formed with the suffix ''-ta/-te/-to;'' again, stem-final ''-n'' is elided:<ref>Gorelova 2002, 204; Haenisch 1986, 45.</ref> ''emte'' "one each", ''juwete'' "two each", ''ilata'' "three each" etc. Fractions are formed according to the following pattern:<ref>Gorelova 2002, 204f.; Haenisch 1986, 46.</ref>
{{interlinear
| indent = 4|ilan (ubu) ci emu|three (part) ABL one|"one-third" (literally: "of three parts one")
}}
{{interlinear
| indent = 4|sunja (ubu) ci ilan|five (part) ABL three|"three fifths"
}}
The word ''ubu'' "part" can be in the genitive case as well:<ref>Haenisch 1986, 46.</ref>
{{interlinear
| indent = 4|ninggun ubu-i sunja|six part-GEN five|"five sixths"
}}
This is the same construction as in Chinese:<ref>Manfred Reichardt, Shuxin Reichardt: ''Grammatik des modernen Chinesisch''. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie, 1990, {{ISBN|3-324-00332-6}}, S. 262f.; Gregor Kneussel: ''Grammatik des modernen Chinesisch / Xiàndài Hànyǔ yǔfǎ'' {{lang|zh-Hans|«现代汉语语法»}}. Beijing: Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur / Wàiwén chūbǎnshè {{lang|zh-Hans|外文出版社}}, 2005, {{ISBN|7-119-04262-9}}, S. 37.</ref>
{{interlinear
| indent = 4|sān fēn zhī èr|三 分 之 二|three part GEN two|"two thirds"
}}
Multiplicatives are formed with the suffix ''-rsu'' or with a following ''ubu'' "part":

''emursu'', ''emu ubu'' "single"; ''jursu'', ''juwe ubu'' "double"; ''ilarsu'', ''ilan ubu'' "threefold"; etc.

Collectives are formed with the suffix ''-nofi'': ''juwenofi'' "two together", ''ilanofi'' "three together", ''duinofi'' "four together" etc.

Iterative numerals are formed mostly with the suffix ''-nggeri'' or ''-geri'':

''emgeri'' "once", ''juwenggeri'' "twice", ilanggeri "thrice", ''duinggeri'' "fourth" etc.

For dates, Manchu uses a system similar to Chinese, combining a cycle of ten (''juwan cikten'' "the ten colours" or "[[Heavenly stems|stems]]") and cycle of twelve (''juwan juwe gargan'' "the twelve animals" or "[[Earthly Branches|branches]]").<ref>Gorelova 2002, 209ff.</ref>

=== Classifiers ===
In Manchu there is, [[Chinese classifier|as in Chinese]], a significant number of classifiers (also called [[measure word]]s), which stand between the numeral and the noun:
{{interlinear
| indent = 4|ilan fesin loho|three CL sword|"three swords"
}}
The classifier ''fesin'' "handle" is used for objects with a handle or a hilt such as knives, swords, sabres, spades, fans etc.(similarly to the Chinese classifier ''bǎ'' {{lang|zh-Hani|把}}).

Further examples of classifiers are ''afaha'' "sheet" for paper, lists etc. (cf. Chinese ''zhāng'' {{lang|zh-Hant|張}}), ''debtelin'' "volume" for books (cf. Chinese ''běn'' {{lang|zh-Hani|本}}), ''angga'' "mouth" for animals, objects with openings (pots, bags etc.), ports, mountain passes etc., ''baksan'' "bundle" for “Bundles” for sheaves of grain, bundles of paper, bunches of keys, caravans, etc., ''dalgan'' "surface" for flat objects such as flags, mirrors, fans and meat cutlets etc.<ref>Gorelova 2002, 206ff.</ref>

=== Postpositions ===
Some postpositions, such as ''baru'' "to", are not derived from other words, while others are originally declined forms of other parts of speech, such as nouns in a certain case (e.g. ''da'''de''''' "in addition to", lit. "in the base of") and converbs (''daha'''me''''' "according to", lit. "following"). Some, like ''dele'' "on top of", "top" are simply identical to nouns. Each postposition governs a certain noun case, with most, like ''baru'' "to", ''dergi'' "above" and ''sasa'' "with" governing the genitive, and two smaller groups governing the dative (e.g. ''isitala'' "until") and the ablative (e.g. ''amala'' "behind"). ''Jaka'' 'together with" takes the nominative. Postpositions may express place (''dergi'' "above"), time (''amari'' "after"), [[Comitative case|comitative]] meaning (''emgi'' "with"), causality (''jalinde'' "for the sake of"), similarity (''gele'' "like") or restriction (only ''teile'' "only", governing the genitive case, e.g. ''damu ilan sarhan’'''i''' '''teile''' ilan boo de tehe'' "only three women lived in three houses", lit. "only of three women only ...". Postpositions may govern participles, which then have the meaning of verbal nouns, and the postpositions themselves acquire a function similar to that of conjunctions (''sain ehe be tuwa'''ha''' '''manggi''''' "after having seen", from ''manggi'' "with, towards").<ref>Gorelova (2002: 344–351)</ref>

=== Conjunctions ===
Some conjunctions coincide with adverbs (e.g. ''damu'' "only", "but", ''geli'' "also", "and", ''jai'' "again", "and', ''eici'' "perhaps", "or"). Others are originally case forms or converbs (''ba'''de''''' "when", lit. "in the place", ''bi'''ci''''' "if", lit. "if it is (so)", ''bi'''hede''''' "when", lit. "in having become (so)").<ref>(Gorelova 2002: 351–360)</ref>