Editing Mermaid (section)

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist||refs=
<ref name="alburo1977">{{citation|last=Alburo |first=Erlinda K. |author-link=<!--Erlinda K. Alburo--> |author-mask=Alburo, Erlinda K. ed. tr.|others=Ramon L. Cerilles; Marian P. Diosay; and Lawrence M. Liao, researchers, Illustrated by Fred C. Dimaya |chapter=Ang Kataw |trans-chapter=The Mermaid |title=Cebuano Folktales |volume=2 |location=Cebu |publisher=San Carlos Publications, University of San Carlos |date=1977 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz-BAAAAMAAJ&q=milkfish |pages= 16–18; 19–21 }}</ref>

<ref name="altdeutsche-physiologus-TITUS">{{cite web|url=http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/germ/ahd/physiold/physi.htm?physi005.htm |title=5. [De sirenis et onocentauris.] |website=Physiologus (OHG) |publisher=TITUS Project |accessdate=2022-09-12}}, with the apparatus to load image (Cod. 223, fol. 32r)</ref>

<ref name="althochdeutschen-glossen">{{cite book|last=Bain |first=Frederika |editor1-last=Steinmeyer |editor1-first=Elias von |editor1-link=Elias von Steinmeyer|editor2-last=Sievers |editor2-first=Eduard |editor2-link=Eduard Sievers |title=Die althochdeutschen Glossen |volume=1 |location=Berlin |publisher=Weidmann |year=1879 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PM04AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA602 |page=602}}</ref>

<ref name="altick">{{citation|last=Altick |first=Richard Daniel |author-link=Richard Daniel Altick |chapter=Chapter 22. Life and Death in the Animal Kingdom |title=The Shows of London |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1978 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5d3BJvgwNykC&pg=PA302 |pages=302–303 |isbn=<!--0674807316, -->9780674807310}}</ref>

<ref name="aramata-map">{{Cite book|ref={{SfnRef|荒俣|應矢|2021}}|last1=Aramata |first1=Hiroshi |author1-link=Hiroshi Aramata<!--荒俣宏--> |last2=Ōya |first2=Yasunori |author2-link=<!--應矢泰紀--> |chapter=Ningyo |script-chapter=ja:人魚 |title=Aramata Hiroshi no Nihon zenkoku yōkai mappu |script-title=ja:アラマタヒロシの日本全国妖怪マップ |publisher=Shūwa system<!--秀和システム--> |year=2021 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtRMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |page=53 |isbn=<!--4798065072, -->9784798065076 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="arinos1917">{{cite book|editor-last=Arinos |editor-first=Afonso |editor-link=Afonso Arinos |chapter=A Yara |title=Lendas e tradiçiões brsilieras |location=Saõ Paulo |publisher=Typographia Levi |year=1917 |chapter-url=https://digital.bbm.usp.br/bitstream/bbm/6834/1/45000008586_Output.o.pdf |page=58<!--55–59-->}}</ref>

<ref name="arundel-catalogue">{{cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=7736 |title=Detailed record for Arundel 292 |website=British Library |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922023553/https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=7736 |url-status=dead }}, [https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=7569 fol. 8v "Natura Sirene"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171246/https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=7569 |date=20 September 2022 }}</ref>

<ref name="arwidsson">{{cite book|editor-last=Arwidsson |editor-first=Adolf Ivar |editor-link=Adolf Ivar Arwidsson |chapter=150. Hafsfrun |title=Svenska fornsånger |volume=2|location=Stockholm |publisher=P. A. Norstedt & söner |year=1837|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MW4CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA320 |pages=320–323}}</ref>

<ref name="bain">{{cite book|last=Bain |first=Frederika |author-link=<!--Frederika Bain--> |chapter=The Tail of Melusine: Hybridity, Mutability, and the Accessible Other |title=Melusine's Footprint: Tracing the Legacy of a Medieval Myth |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSk_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |pages=25–26 |isbn=9789004355958 }}</ref>

<ref name="bartholin(copenhagen)1654">{{cite book|last=Bartholin |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Bartholin |chapter=Historia XI. Sirenis se Marini Hominis Anatome |title=Thomae Bartholini historiarum anatomicarum rariorum centuria (I et )II |location=Copenhagen |publisher=typis academicis Martzani, sumptibus Petri Hauboldt bibl. |year=1654 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dxyQqZGEh4C&pg=PA186 |pages=186–191 |language=la}}, and [https://books.google.com/books?id=2dxyQqZGEh4C&pg=PA188-IA1 Plate].</ref>

<ref name="bartholin-tr-webster">Bartholin (1654), ''loc. cit.'': this passage translated in {{cite book|last=Webster |first=John |author-link=John Webster (minister) |chapter=Chap. XV. Of divers Creatures that have a real existence in Nature, and yet by reason of their wonderous properties, or seldom being seen, have been taken for Spirits, and Devils |title=The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft |location=London |publisher=J. M. |year=1677 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL9lAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA285 |pages=285–286}}</ref>

<ref name="bashe">{{cite journal|last=Bashe |first=E. J. |author-link=<!--Edwin J. Bashe--> |title=Some Notes on the Wade Legend |journal=Philological Quarterly |volume=2 |publisher=<!--University of Iowa,--> |date=1923 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQc5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA283 |page=283<!--282–288-->}}</ref>

<ref name="belden1940">{{cite journal|last=Belden |first=Henry M. |author-link=Henry M. Belden |title=Ballads and Songs Collected by the Missouri Folk-Lore Society |journal=The University of Missouri Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=1 January 1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HUcAAAAMAAJ&q=shipwreck |page=101}}</ref>

<ref name="Berne-Cod.318">{{cite web|url=https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/description/bbb/0318/ |title=Bern, Burgerbibliothek / Cod. 318 – Physiologus Bernensis |website=e-codices |access-date=2022-09-11}}, [https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/bbb/0318/ facsimile], [https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/doubleview/bbb/0318/13r/ fol. 13v]</ref>

<ref name="BL-Add11283">{{cite web |url=http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100055965341.0x000001 |title=British Library Add MS 11283 |website=British Library |access-date=2022-09-06 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130170811/https://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100055965341.0x000001 |url-status=dead }}, fol. 20v.</ref>

<ref name="BL-Roy2.B.vii-catalogue">{{cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=6467&CollID=16&NStart=20207 |title= Detailed record for Royal 2 B VII (Queen Mary Psalter) |website=British Library |access-date=2022-09-06}}, [https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=52724 fol. 96v]</ref>

<ref name="BlackGreen1992">{{cite book|last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |author1-link=Jeremy Black (historian)|first2=Anthony |last2=Green |author2-link=<!--Anthony Green--> |title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary |publisher=The British Museum Press|year=1992 |isbn= 0-7141-1705-6|pages=131–132}}</ref>

<ref name="Bodl764">{{cite web|url=https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/ecf96804-a514-4adc-8779-2dbc4e4b2f1e/surfaces/ee2bf789-7152-449b-9760-fa864718e2d0/ |title=Bodleian Library MS. Bodl. 764 |website=Oxford University, the Bodleian Libraries |access-date=2022-09-09 }}, fol. 074v.</ref>

<ref name="bodley764-tr-barber">{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Barber tr.|1993}}|editor-last=Barber |editor-first=Richard |editor-link=<!--Richard Barber--> |chapter=Sirens |title=Bestiary: Being an English Version of the Bodleian Library, Oxford M.S. Bodley 764 : with All the Original Miniatures Reproduced in Facsimile |publisher=Boydell Press |year=1993|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94opjX2vfjQC&pg=PA150 |page=1150 |isbn=<!--085115753X,--> 9780851157535}}</ref>

<ref name="borovsky">{{cite book|last=Borovsky|first=Zoe Patrice |author-link=<!--Zoe Patrice Borovsky--> |title=Rocking the Boat: Women in Old Norse Literature |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |date=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGFMAQAAMAAJ&q=furry |page=171 |quote=..further compared to a seal: 'Hon er loðin (hairy or furry) sem selr ok grá at lit'}}</ref>

<ref name="braeunlein&lauser">{{cite book|last1=Bräunlein|first1=Peter |author1-link=:de:Peter J. Bräunlein |last2=Lauser |first2=Andrea |author2-link=<!--Andrea Lauser--> |title=Leben in Malula: ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie der Alangan-Mangyan auf Mindoro (Philippinen) |publisher=Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft |date=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPtvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Navarrete%22+%22piscis+mulier%22+ |page=438, n29|isbn=<!--3890857914, -->9783890857916}}</ref>

<ref name="breucker">{{cite book|last=Breucker |first=Geert de |author-link=Geert de Breucker |chapter=Berossos and the Construction off a Near Eastern Cultural History in Response to the Greeks |editor-last=Hokwerda |editor-first=Hero |editor-link=<!--Hero Hokwerda-->|title=Constructions of Greek Past: Identity and Historical Consciousness from Antiquity to the Present |publisher=BRILL |date=2021 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hlREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |pages=28–29<!--25–34--> |isbn=<!--9004495460, -->9789004495463}}</ref>

<ref name="broedel">{{citation|last=Broedel |first=Hans Peter |author-link=<!--Hans Peter Broedel-->|chapter=2. The Mermaid of Edam Meets Medical Science: Empiricism and the Marvelous in Seventeenth-Century Zoological Thought |editor1-last=Byars |editor1-first=Jana  |editor1-link=<!--Jana Byars--> |editor2-last=Broedel |editor2-first=Hans Peter |editor2-link=<!--Hans Peter Broedel--> |title=Monsters and Borders in the Early Modern Imagination |publisher=Routledge |date=2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWJgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |isbn=<!--0429878850,  -->9780429878855}}</ref>

<ref name="brynildsen-norsk-engelsk-hav-frue&mand">{{cite book|editor-last=Brynildsen |editor-first=John |editor-link=<!--John Brynildsen-->|chapter=Hav (-frue 'mermaid, maiden'; -mand 'merman') |title=Norsk-engelsk ordbog |edition=2 |location=Kristiania |publisher=H. Aschehoug & Company |date=1917 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKIYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA325 |page=325 |language=no}}</ref>

<ref name="buchholz">{{cite book|last=Buchholz |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Buchholz|title=Vorzeitkunde: mündliches Erzählen u. Überliefern im mittelalterlichen Skandinavien nach d. Zeugnis von Fornaldarsaga u. eddischer Dichtung |publisher=Wachholtz |date=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQHXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22si%C3%B3kona |page=85 |language=de |isbn=<!--3529033138, -->9783529033131 |quote=Nach der ''Þiðreks saga'' 36 ( 46 ) ist der Riese Vaði der Sohn einer ''siókona'' (Meerfrau)}}</ref>

<ref name="bugge-tr-schoefield">{{cite book|last=Bugge |first=Sophus |author-link=Sophus Bugge |translator-last=Schofield |translator-first=William Henry |translator-link=William Henry Schofield |title=The Home of the Eddic Poems: With Especial Reference to the Helgi-lays |edition=revised |location=London |publisher=David Nutt |date=1899 |series=Grimm library 11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5qKW4fpN-4C&pg=PA238 |pages=237–238}}</ref>

<ref name="burr">{{cite journal|last=Burr |first=Brooks M. |author-link=<!--Brooks M. Burr--> |title=Reviewed Work(s): Fishes, Crayfishes, and Crabs. Louis Renard's Natural History of the Rarest Curiosities of the Seas of the Indies by Theodore W. Pietsch |journal=Copeia |volume=1997 |number=1 |publisher=<!--American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)--> |date=18 February 1997 |pages=241–243|doi=10.2307/1447871 |jstor=1447871}}</ref>

<ref name="cascudo1950">{{cite journal|last=Cascudo |first=Luís da Câmara |author-link=Luís da Câmara Cascudo |title=Geografia do Brasil holandês |editor=Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute (IHGB) |journal=Anais do IV Congresso de História Nacional |volume=4 |issue=4 |date=1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJFnAAAAMAAJ&q=Alamoa |page=290<!--245–450-->|language=pt}}</ref>

<ref name="child_ballad042">{{cite book|editor-last=Child |editor-first=Francis James |editor-link=Francis James Child |chapter=42. Clerk Colvill |title=The English and Scottish Popular Ballads |volume=1, Part2 |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company |date=1884   |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9IVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA371 |pages=372–374<!--371–389--> |archive-url=https://archive.org/stream/englishandscopt201chiluoft#page/374/mode/2up |archive-date=2006-11-01 }}<!--https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA371--></ref>
<ref name="child_ballad289">{{cite book|editor-last=Child |editor-first=Francis James |editor-link=Francis James Child |chapter=289. The Mermaid |title=The English and Scottish Popular Ballads |volume=Part IX |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company |date=1884 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNMVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA148 |pages=148–152}}</ref>

<ref name="chunko-dominguez">{{cite book|last=Chunko-Dominguez |first=Betsy |author-link=<!--Betsy Chunko-Dominguez--> |title=English Gothic Misericord Carvings: History from the Bottom Up |publisher=BRILL |date=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo1ZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |pages=82–84 |isbn=<!--900434120X, --> 9789004341203}}</ref>

<ref name="clark">{{cite book|last=Clark |first=Willene B.  |author-link=<!--Willene B. Clark--> |title=A Medieval Book of Beasts: The Second-family Bestiary: Commentary, Art, Text and Translation  |publisher=Boydell Press |date=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0olPRmCoE8MC&pg=PA57 |page=57 and n50 |isbn=<!--0851156827, -->9780851156828}}</ref>

<ref name="colin">{{cite book|last=Colín |first=Francisco |author-link=:es:Francisco Colín |chapter=Lib. I. Cap. XVII. Algunas cosas naturales, proprias, y otras notables destas Islas. § II. Peces, y animales [marginalia: ''Pez Muller'' et seqq.]  |title=Labor Evangelica, Ministerios Apostolicos de los Obreros de la Compañia de Jesus, Fundacion, y Progressos de su Provincia en las Islas Filipinas |volume=Parte I<!--primera--> |location=Madrid |publisher=Por Joseph Fernandez de Buendia |date=1663 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0BSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA80 |pages=80–}}</ref>

<ref name="costa1887">{{cite book|last=Costa |first=Francisco Augusto Pereira da |author-link=:pt:Francisco Augusto Pereira da Costa |section=A Alamôa |title=A ilhe de Fernando de Noronha |location=Pernambuco |publisher=Typ. de Manoel Figueiroa de Faria & Filhos |date=1887 |section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpAtAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113 |pages=113–114}}</ref>

<ref name="davidson1958">{{cite journal|last=Davidson |first= H. R. Ellis |author-link=H. R. Ellis Davidson |title=Weland the Smith |journal=Folklore  |volume=63 |number=3 |date=September 1958 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXUNAQAAMAAJ&q=%22+Wittich%27s+father%27s+father%27s+mother%22 |pages=149–150<!--145–159--> |jstor=1258855}}</ref>

<ref name="diana@todamateria">{{cite web|url=https://www.todamateria.com.br/lenda-da-iara/ |last=Diana |first=Daniela |author-link=<!--Daniela Diana --> |title=Lenda da Iara: Folclore |trans-title=Legend of the Iara: folkklore|language=pt|accessdate=2025-01-29}}</ref>

<ref name=dundes>{{citation|last=Dundes |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Dundes |others=Lauren Dundes |chapter=The Trident and the Fork: Disney's 'The Little Mermaid' as a male construct |title=Bloody Mary in the Mirror: Essays in Psychoanalytic Folkloristics |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCi_ye_0k2EC&pg=PA56 |page=56 |isbn=1-578-06461-9}}</ref>

<ref name="elswit2015">{{cite book|last=Elswit |first=Sharon Barcan |author-link=<!--Sharon Barcan Elswit--> |title=The Latin American Story Finder: A Guide to 470 Tales from Mexico, Central America and South America, Listing Subjects and Sources|location= Jefferson, North Carolina |publisher=McFarland |year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUunCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 |page=212 |isbn=<!--0786478950, -->9780786478958}}</ref>

<ref name="etting">{{cite journal|last=Etting |first= Vivian |author-link=<!-- Vivian Etting--> |title=The Rediscovery of Greenland during the Reign of Christian IV |journal=Journal of the North Atlantic |volume=2 |issue=Norse Greenland – Selected Papers from the Hvalsey Conference 2008 |year=2009 |page=159<!--151–160-->|quote=Dutch captain David Dannel [sic.].. a mermaid with 'flowing hair..' |jstor=26686946}}</ref>

<ref name="fonseca">{{cite journal|last=Fonseca |first= Pedro Carlos Louzada |author-link=<!--Pedro Carlos Louzada Fonseca--> |title=Tropos da colonizaçao da América: discurso do gênero e simbolismo animal |journal=Romance Notes |volume=2 |issue=Norse Greenland – Selected Papers from the Hvalsey Conference 2008 |date=2009 |pages=3–4<!--3–11-->|doi= 10.1353/rmc.2009.0035 |quote=Se em Gandavo permanece ambíguo o tratamento do tropo da feminização da natureza, referida ao monstruoso, em Fernão Cardim essa figuração deixa-se entrever de form sugestiva, buscada a outro tropo da mentalidade religiosa medieval [If in Gandavo the treatment of the trope of the feminization of nature, referring to the monstrous, remains ambiguous, in Fernão Cardim this figuration lets itself be glimpsed in a suggestive way, sought from another trope of the medieval religious mentality.] |jstor=43801787 |s2cid= 201769444 |language=pt}}</ref>

<ref name="francisci">{{cite book|last=Francisci|first=Erasmus |author-link=Erasmus Francisci |chapter=Von den Meer-Menschen |title=Erasmi Francisci Ost- und West-Indischer wie auch Sinesischer Lust- und Stats-Garten |location=Nuremberg |publisher=Endter |date=1668 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-RTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1416 |page=1412 and [https://books.google.com/books?id=i-RTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1412-IA1 Plate XLVII**] }}</ref>

<ref name="fraser-prehistory-west">{{harvp|Fraser|2017}}, Chapter 1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EP-WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15 § Prehistory: Mermaids in the West]"[https://books.google.com/books?id=EP-WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15 end of section]</ref>

<ref name=garstad>{{cite journal|last=Garstad |first=Benjamin |author-link=<!--Benjamin Garstad--> |title=Rome in the 'Alexander Romance'|journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=108 |year=2015 |page=500 <!--467–507-->|quote=<!--shark-people--> |jstor=44157821}}</ref>

<ref name="Getty-MS100-ex-Alnwick">{{cite web|url=https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/109B24 |title=Ms. 100 (2007.16), fol. 14. Sirens. about 1250–1260 |website=Getty Museum |access-date=2022-09-10}}. "serene"  fol. 20v</ref>

<ref name="goedecke">{{cite journal|last=Gödecke |first=P. A. |author1-link=:sv:Peter August Gödecke |title=Studier öfver våra folkvisor från medeltiden |journal=Framtiden: Tidskrift för fosterländsk odling |volume=5 |date=1871 |pages=325–326<!--309–353--> |language=sv}}</ref>

<ref name="goodman">{{cite book|last=Goodman |first=Ailene S. |author-link=<!--Ailene S. Goodman --> |title=The Extraordinary Being: Death and the Mermaid in Baroque Literature |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |date=2021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5NOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 |page=261<!--256–--> |isbn=<!--9004487891, -->9789004487895}}</ref>

<ref name="grabbe" >{{cite book|last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |author-link=Lester L. Grabbe |title=Like a Bird in a Cage: The Invasion of Sennacherib in 701 BCE |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln5NwF8L840C&pg=PA122 |pages=122–123 |isbn=<!--056720782X, -->9780567207821}}</ref>

<ref name="grafstroem&forssell">{{cite book|last1=Grafström |first1=Anders |author1-link=<!--Anders Grafström--> |last2=Forssell |first2=Christian |author2-link=:sv:Christian Forssell |author-mask=Grafström, Anders (text); Forssell, Christian (ed.) |others=[[Johan Gustaf Sandberg]] (illustr.) |chapter=Helsingland |title=Ett år i Sverge: Taflor af Svenska almogens Klädedrägt, lefnadssätt och hemseder, samt de för Landets Historia märkvärdigaste Orter |publisher=J. Hörberg |date=1827 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rANdAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA52 |page=52 |language=sv}}; {{cite journal|author=J. Y. |author-link=<!--Sir John Young?--> |title=Swedish Anitquities: translated and abridged from Forssell's Année en Suede |journal=The Antiquary |volume=IV |issue=95 |date=27 December 1873 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9A3EaAdVpIC&pg=PA315 |page=315}}</ref>

<ref name="handschriftencensus-11043">{{cite web|url=https://handschriftencensus.de/11043 |title=Handschriftenbeschreibung 11043. Wien, Österr. Nationalbibl., Cod. 223 |website=Handschriftencensus |publisher=Philipps-Universität Marburg; Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz |accessdate=2022-09-12}}</ref>

<ref name="hansen">{{cite book|editor-last=Hansen |editor-first=William |editor-link=William Hansen (classicist) |title=The Book of Greek & Roman Folktales, Legends & Myths |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=9780691170152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ciXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |pages=169–170}}</ref>

<ref name="harrison">{{cite book|last=Harrison |first=Jane Ellen |author-link=Jane Ellen Harrison |title=Myths of the Odyssey in Art and Literature |location=London |publisher=Rivingtons |year=1882 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CkGAAAAQAAJ |pages=169–170; Plate 47a}}</ref>

<ref name="hasan-rokem">{{citation|last=Hasan-Rokem |first=Galit |author-link=Galit Hasan-Rokem |chapter=Leviticus Rabbah 16, 1 – "Odysseus and the Sirens" in the Beit Leontis Mosaic from Beit She'an |editor1-last=Fine |editor1-first=Steven |editor1-link=Steven Fine |editor2-last=Koller |editor2-first=Aaron |editor2-link=<!--Aaron Koller--> |title=Talmuda de-Eretz Israel: Archaeology and the Rabbis in Late Antique Palestine |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuYxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |page=182 |isbn=<!--1614512876, -->9781614512875 |series=Studia Judaica 73}}</ref>

<ref name="gorog1961">{{cite journal|last=Gorog |first=Ralph Paul de |author-link=<!--Ralph Paul de Gorog--> |title=A Note on the change of [h-] to [r-] in Normandy |journal=Romance Notes |volume=3 |number=1 |date=Autumn 1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHdfAAAAMAAJ&q=still+aspirated |pages=73–77 |jstor=43800089}}</ref>
<ref name="gorog1964">{{cite journal|last=Gorog |first=Ralph Paul de |author-link=<!--Ralph Paul de Gorog--> |title=The Treatment of Norman in Jan de Vries' ''Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' |journal=Scandinavian Studies |volume=35 |number=3 |date=August 1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTY8AAAAIAAJ&q=Altnordisches<!--Does not retrieve meaningful snippets beyond title--> |page=212 <!--209–217--> |jstor=40916633}}</ref>

<ref name="groot">{{cite book|last=Groot |first=Jan Jakob Maria |author-link=J. J. M. de Groot |chapter=X. On Zoanthropy. 12. Man-fishes |title=The Religious System of China: book II. On the soul and ancestral worship |publisher=E.J. Brill |date=1901 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J71ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA241 |page=241<!--237–243-->}}</ref>

<ref name="gujin_tushu_jicheng144">{{cite wikisource|editor=陳夢雷 |editor-link=:zh:陳夢雷 |chapter=博物彙編/禽蟲典/第144卷 䱱魚釋名 |title=欽定古今圖書集成<!--Qinding Gujin Tushu Jicheng--> |date=1726 |wslink=zh:欽定古今圖書集成/博物彙編/禽蟲典/第144卷#䱱魚釋名 }}</ref>

<ref name="hawks">{{cite book|last=Hawks|first=Francis L. |author-link=Francis L. Hawks |author-mask=Hawks, Francis L. ("The Author of 'Uncle Philip's Conversations' ") |chapter=2 |title=The Adventures of Henry Hudson |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |year=1842 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyQ9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA37 |page=37|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/adventuresofhenr00philiala/page/n9 |archive-date=2006-11-16}}</ref>

<ref name="hayward2018-ch03">{{cite book|last=Hayward |first=Philip |author-link=<!--Philip Hayward--> |chapter=Japan: The 'Mermaidization' of the Ningyo and related folkloric figures |editor-last=Hayward |editor-first=Philip |editor-link=<!--Philip Hayward--> |title=Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid |date=2018a |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0861967322 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrFiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |pages=51–52, 66<!--51–68-->}}</ref>

<ref name="hayward2018-ch05">{{cite book|last=Hayward |first=Philip |author-link=<!--Philip Hayward--> |chapter=Chapter 5. From Dugongs to Sinetrons: Syncretic Mermaids in Indonesian Culture |editor-last=Hayward |editor-first=Philip |editor-link=<!--Philip Hayward--> |title=Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2018b |isbn=978-0861967322 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrFiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |pages=89–106}}</ref>

<ref name="herrera-sobek">{{cite book|last=Herrera-Sobek |first=María |author-link=<!--María Herrera-Sobek--> |chapter=Iara |title=Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDIwZ8BieWcC&pg=PA159 |pages=159–160 |isbn=<!--031334339X, -->9780313343391}}</ref>

<ref name="honma">{{citation|last=Honma |first=Yoshiharu |author-link=<!--本間義治(ほんま・よしはる) 新潟大学名誉教授-->|title=Nihon korai no ningyo, ryūgūnotsukai no seibutsugaku |script-title=ja:日本古来の人魚、リュウグウノツカイの生物学<!--(第2分科会:環境・開発・自然・エネルギー,第10回研究大会報告要旨)--> |journal=Japan Sea Rim Studies<!--環日本海研究-->|number=11 |publisher=<!--環日本海学会編集委員会--> |date=2005-10-01 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/prepareDownload?itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F10943943&contentNo=1 |pages=126–127 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="jacob">{{cite book|editor-last=Jacob |editor-first=Alexander |editor-link=<!--Alexander Jacob (scholar)--> |title=Henry More. The Immortality of the Soul |publisher=Springer/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNTsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA431 |page=431, n293/7 |isbn=978-94-010-8112-2}}</ref>

<ref name="jakobsen">{{cite book|last=Jakobsen |first=Jakob |author-link=Jakob Jakobsen |chapter=havfrú, havfrúgv |title=Færøsk anthologi: Ordsamling og register udarbejdede af.. |volume=2 |publisher=S.L. Møllers bogtrykkeri |date=1891|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7njAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA109 |page=109 }}</ref>

<ref name="jcb-library">{{cite web |title=1. Meer Mensch filier So bey Bragefanger Die Riepe Die abgefleischte hand 2. Schwimmende Firer (from Erasmi Francisci Ost-und West-indischer, 1668) |website=JCB Archive of Early American Images |publisher=John Carter Brown Library |url=https://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~501084~115901379?qvq=w4s%3A%2Fwhere%2FSouth%2BAmerica%2Fwhen%2F1668%3Bsort%3Anormalized_date%2Cfile_name%2Csource_author%2Csource_title&mi=6&trs=14 |access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref>

<ref name="jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro">{{Cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Jón Árnason|Powell (tr.)|Magnússon (tr.)|1866}}|author=Jón Árnason |author-link=Jón Árnason (author) |translator1=George E. J. Powell |translator1-link=George Ernest John Powell |translator2=Eiríkr Magnússon |translator2-link=Eiríkr Magnússon |title=Icelandic Legends |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Longman, Green, and Co. |year=1866 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_7jDsJPQUC&pg=PR56 |pages=lvi–lvii}}</ref>

<ref name="lionarons">{{cite book|last=Lionarons |first=Joyce Tally |author-link=<!--Joyce Tally Lionarons--> |chapter=The Otherworld and its Inhabitants in the ''Nibelungenlied'' |editor-last=McConnell |editor-first=Winder |editor-link=<!--Winder McConnell--> |title=A Companion to the Nibelungenlied |publisher=Camden House |year=1998 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wu0B6_XO3boC&pg=PA168 |pages=168–169<!--153–171--> |isbn=<!--1571131515, -->9781571131515}}</ref>

<ref name="jon_arnason-saebuar">{{harvnb|Jón Árnason|1862}} "Saebúar og vatna", p. 131.</ref>

<ref name="jongh">{{cite book|last=Jongh |first=Eddy de |author-link=Eddy de Jongh |title=Fish: Still Lifes by Dutch and Flemish Masters 1550-1700 |publisher=Centraal Museum |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RszqAAAAMAAJ&q=anthropomorphous |page=167 |isbn=9789059830059 }}</ref>

<ref name="jonston1657-latin">{{cite book|last=Jonston|first=Johannes |author-link=Johannes Jonston |chapter=Titulus III. Caput. 1. De pisce ανθρωπόμορφω & Remoranti |title=Historiae naturalis de piscibus et cetis libri 5. |location=Amstelodamum |publisher=Ioannem Iacobi fil. Schipper |year=1657 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkybpxkCt3gC&pg=PA146 |pages=146–147, Tab. XL}}</ref>

<ref name="jonston1660-nl">{{cite book|last=Jonston|first=Johannes |author-link=Johannes Jonston |chapter=Boek. I. / III. Opschrift./ I. Hooft-St.: Van de visch Anthropomorphus, oft die een menschen-gestalte heeft, en van de Remorant |title=Beschryvingh van de Natuur der Vissen en bloedloze Water-dieren |location=Amsterdam |publisher=I. I. Schipper |year=1660 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxFQAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA168 |page=168, Tab. XL}}<!--alt: https://books.google.com/books?id=gWjq9i6nlbAC&pg=RA2-PA168--></ref>

<ref name=keightley1850>{{citation|last=Keightley |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Keightley |title=The Fairy Mythology: Illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of various Countries |edition=new revised |publisher=H. G. Bohn |year=1850|orig-date=1828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cByu3_ZtaAC&pg=PA152 |pages=152–153}}</ref>

<ref name="kemmis">{{cite book|last=Kemmis |first=Deva F.  |author-link=<!--Deva F. Kemmis--> |chapter='Listening Down the Hall': An Epistemological Consideation of the Encounter with Melusine in the Germanic Literary Tradition |title=Melusine's Footprint: Tracing the Legacy of a Medieval Myth |publisher=BRILL |year=2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSk_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA326 |pages=326–327 n11<!--324–343--> |isbn=9789004355958 }}</ref>

<ref name="kircher-magnes">{{cite book|last=Kircher |first=Athanasius |author-link=Athanasius Kircher |chapter=Lib. III.<!-- Mundi Sive Catenae Magn.--> Pars VI. Caput II. <!--De varijs animalibus Magneticis-->§VI. <!--De Magnete Aeolio, seu quod idem est, de Physa, seu Orbe pisce aegyptiaco-->: De Pisce Anthropomorpho, seu Syrene sanguinem trahente |title=Magnes sive De arte magnetica opus tripartitum |edition=3 |location=Rome |publisher=Deuersin et Zanobius Masotti |orig-date=1641 |date=1654 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KdNIXN0SJUC&pg=PA531 |pages=531–532}}</ref>

<ref name="kokai">{{cite book|last=Kokai |first=Jennifer A. |author-link=<!--Jennifer A. Kokai--> |title=Swim Pretty: Aquatic Spectacles and the Performance of Race, Gender, and Nature |location=Carbondale, Illinois |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |date=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7I3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |pages=44–46|isbn=<!--0809336006, -->9780809336005}}</ref>

<ref name="kvideland&sehmsdorf">{{citation|editor1-last=Kvideland |editor1-first=Reimund |editor1-link=:no:Reimund Kvideland |editor2-last=Sehmsdorf |editor2-first=Henning K. |editor2-link=<!--Henning K. Sehmsdorf--> |title=Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL8QYyP-DHMC&pg=PA36 |pages=35, 262 |isbn=<!--1452901600, -->9781452901602}}</ref>

<ref name="laity">{{cite journal|last=Laity |first= K. A. |author-link=<!-- K. A. Laity--> |title=Translating Saint as (Vi)king: St. Olaf in the ''Heimskringla'' |journal=Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies |volume=35 |number=1 |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARlKHqHAQ3UC&q=margygr |page=176<!--169–202-->|issn=0083-5897 |doi=10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300196}}</ref>

<ref name="leclercq-marx">{{cite journal|last=Leclercq |first=Jacqueline |author-link=<!--Jacqueline Leclercq-Marx--> |title=De l'art antique à l'art médièval. A propos des sources du bestiaire carolingien et de se survivances à l'époque romane  |trans-title=From ancient to mediaeval Art. On the sources of Carolingian bestiaries and their survival in the romance period |journal=Gazette des Beaux-Arts |volume=113 |date=February 1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYBLAAAAYAAJ&q=siren |pages=82, 88 |doi=10.2307/596378 |jstor=596378 |quote=Physiologus de Berne.. En contradiction avec le texte qui dépeint une Sirène-oiseau, c'est une Sirène – poisson qui, dans l'illustration, apparaît face au centaure.}} {{inlang|fr}}; {{cite book|last=Leclercq-Marx |first=Jacqueline |author-link=<!--Jacqueline Leclercq-Marx--> |title=La sirène dans la pensée et dans l'art de l'Antiquité et du Moyen Âge: du mythe païen au symbole chrétien |publisher=Classe des beaux-arts, Académie royale de Belgique |date=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2qix5cCTdgC |page=62ff <!--61–66-->|issn=0775-3276 |quote=The chapter devoted to the Siren and the Centaur is an excellent example of this because the Siren is represented as a woman-fish whereas she is described in the form of a woman-bird.. }}</ref>

<ref name="linnaeus-1769">{{cite book|last=Linné |first=Carl von |author-link=Linnaeus |title=Caroli Linnæi ... Amoenitates academicæ, seu dissertationes variæ physicæ, medicæ, botanicæ antehac seorsim editæ, nunc collectæ et auctæ cum tabulis æneis |volume=7 |location=Leiden |publisher=Apud Godefredum Kiesewetter |date=1769 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_b7hBIjGF0C&pg=PA324-IA1 |page=324}}</ref>

<ref name="macalister">{{cite book|last=Macalister |first=R. A. Stewart |author-link=Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister |title=The Philistines : their history and civilization |location=London |publisher=Pub. for the British Academy by H. Milford |date=1913 |url=https://archive.org/details/philistinestheir00maca/page/94/mode/2up|pages=95–96}}</ref>

<ref name="matthews">{{cite book|last=Matthews |first=John Hobson |author-link=John Hobson Matthews |title=A History of the Parishes of St. Ives, Lelant, Towednack and Zennor: In the County of Cornwall |location=London |publisher=Elliott Stock |date=1892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZULAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA383 |page=383}}</ref>

<ref name="mcculloch">{{cite book|last=McCulloch |first=Florence |author-link=<!--Florence McCulloch--> |title=Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=1962 |orig-year=1960 |edition=revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJzfAAAAMAAJ&q=mermaid |page=167 |isbn=9780807890332 |quote=Edmond Faral has called attention to what he believes is the first mention of this new type of siren.<sup>151</sup> It is contained in the late seventh or early eighth century ''Liber monstrorum'' }}</ref>

<ref name="ME-bestiary-ed-morris">{{cite book|editor-last=Morris |editor-first=Richard |editor-link=<!--Richard Morris--> |chapter=Natura Sirene |trans-chapter=The Mermaid |title=An Old English miscellany containing a bestiary, Kentish sermons, Proverbs of Alfred, religious poems of the thirteenth century |publisher=Early English Text Society|date=1872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVMJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA18 |pages=18–19 |series=E.E.T.S. Original series 49}} With marginal synopsis.</ref>
{{void|<ref name="minakata">{{citation|last=Minakata |first=Kumagusu|author-link=Minakata Kumagusu  |author-mask=2 |chapter=Ningyo no hanashi |script-chapter=ja:人魚の話 |title=Minakata Kumagusu zenshū |script-title=ja:南方熊楠全集 |volume=6 |publisher=平凡社 |date=1973 |orig-date=1901 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypwLAAAAIAAJ&q=人魚 |pages=305–311}} [http://kiebine2007.amearare.com/minakata6.htm htm edition]</ref>}}

<ref name="millington&spencer1993">{{cite book|last1=Millington |first1=Barry |author-link=<!--Barry Millington--> |last2=Spencer |first2= Stewart |author-link2=<!-- Stewart Spencer--> |chapter=Notes on the translation |title=Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung: A Companion |publisher=Thames & Hudson |date=1993 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwI7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT590|isbn= 0500771464 }}</ref>

<ref name="miyazaki">{{Cite book|editor1-last=Miyazaki |editor1-first=Katsunori |editor1-link=:ja:宮崎克則 |editor2=Fukuoka Archive Kenkyūkai<!--福岡アーカイブ研究会--> |title=Kaempfer ya Siebold tachi ga mita Kyūshū sosshite Nipon |script-title=ja:ケンペルやシーボルトたちが見た九州、そしてニッポン |publisher=Kaichōsha<!--海鳥社--> |date=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXNMAQAAIAAJ&q=人魚 |page=149|isbn=9784874157275 }}</ref>

<ref name="morais">The novelist [[:pt:Raimundo Morais|Morais]] (1926) [https://books.google.com/books?id=qxMsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80 ''Na planicie amazonica''], p. 80 "A yára [iara] ,.. Metade mulher, metade peixe, .. cauda de escamas multicores (The iara.. part-woman, part-fish, .. tail with multicolored scales) " is oft-quoted, as in Cascudo (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rXgSAQAAIAAJ&q=iara+peixe ''Antologia do folclore brasileiro''], 9th ed., '''2''': 178.</ref>

<ref name="mori_baien">{{Cite book|last=Mōri |first=Baien<!--毛利大江元寿梅園白石瑛--> |author-link=Mōri Baien |chapter=Ningyo |script-chapter=ja:人魚 |title=Baien gyofu |script-title=ja:梅園魚譜 |date=1825<!--毛利江元寿文政八酉年ノ撰ナリ.--> |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1286914/29 |pages=<!--unpaginated-->}}</ref>

<ref name="mueller2011">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Müller |first=Ullrich [UM] |author-link=:de:Ulrich Müller (Germanist) |entry=Rhine Maidens |editor1-last=Gentry |editor1-first=Francis G. |editor1-link=<!--Francis G. Gentry--> |editor2-last=Wunderlich  |editor2-first=Werner |editor2-link=<!--Werner Wunderlich--> |editor3-last=McConnell |editor3-first=Winder |editor3-link=<!--Winder McConnell--> |editor4-last=Mueller |editor4-first=Ulrich |editor4-link=<!--Ulrich Mueller--> |title=The Nibelungen Tradition: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |orig-year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL8QYyP-DHMC&pg=PA167 |pages=167–168 |isbn=0-8153-1785-9<!--, 9780815317852-->}}</ref>

<ref name=nakamaru-citing-kojien>{{cite journal|last=Nakamaru |first=Teiko |author-link=<!--中丸禎子--> |title=Hakubutsugaku no ningyo hyōshō: honyūrui, josei, uo |script-title=ja:博物学の人魚表象―哺乳類、女性、魚― |trans-title=How the Naturalists Described Merfolk or Mermaids : Fishes, Women, and Mammalia |journal=Journal of Comparative literature<!--比較文学-->  |volume=58 | publisher=Nihon Hikaku Bungakukai<!--日本比較文学会--> |year=2015 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hikaku/58/0/58_7/_pdf |page=8<!--7–23-->}}, comparing the definitions of ''ningyo'' in ''[[Kojien]]'' dictionary, 5th edition (1998) and 6th edition (2008). The definition shifts from "half human woman" to "half human (usually woman).</ref>

<ref name="nansen">{{cite book|last=Nansen|first=Fridtjof |author-link=Fridtjof Nansen |translator-last=Chater |translator-first=Arthur G. |translator-link=<!--Arthur G. Chater--> |title=In Northern Mists |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb1kAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 |page=244 |isbn=<!--1108071694, -->9781108071697}}</ref>

<ref name="navarrete-tr-blair&robertson">{{cite book|editor1-last=Blair |editor1-first=Emma Helen |editor1-link=Emma Helen Blair |editor2-last=Robertson |editor2-first=James Alexander |editor2-link=James Alexander Robertson |others=[[Edward Gaylord Bourne]], notes |chapter=Manila and the Philippines about 1650 (concluded). Domingo Fernandez Navarrete, O. P.; Madrid, 1675 [From his ''Tratados historicos''.] |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803: Explorations |volume=38 |publisher=A. H. Clark Company |year=1906 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcvTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29 |page=29}}</ref>

<ref name="navarrete-tr-churchill">{{cite book|editor1-last=Churchill |editor1-first=Awnsham |editor1-link=Awnsham Churchill |editor2-last=Churchill |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=<!--John Churchill--> |chapter=Chapter V. His Stay in Manila |title=An Account of the Empire of China, Historical, Political, Moral and Religious.. (in: A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts. Others Translated Out of Foreign Languages and Now First Publish'd in English) |volume=1 |publisher=Black Swan in Pater-Noster-Row |year=1704 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rabk_wcv4IC&pg=PA249 |page=249}}</ref>

<ref name="navarrete-tr-cummins">{{cite book|editor-last=Cummins |editor-first=J. S. |editor-link=<!--James Sylvester Cummins--> |chapter=Book VI:The Author's Travels [1646–1674]. Chapter IV. The Author's Stay at Manila |title=The Travels and Controversies of Friar Domingo Navarrete, 1616-1686: Volume I |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gckDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT129 |page=<!--unpaginated-->|isbn=<!--317013417, -->9781317013419}}</ref>

<ref name="nibelungenlied">Bartsch ed. (1905), 5th ed.,  ''Das Nibelungenlied'', XXV. Âventiure,  [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAguAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA175 Str. 1533–1544]; Edwards, Cyril tr. (2020). ''The Nibelungenlied: The Lay of the Nibelungs''. "Twenty-fifth Adventure" [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5s0rbW2tMC&pg=PA141 Str. 1532–1543], Oxford University Press</ref>

<ref name="nigg">{{cite book|last=Nigg |first=Joseph |author-link=<!--Joseph Nigg (writer)--> |others=David Matthews, Anke Bernau, James Paz |chapter=A Sea Creature |title=Sea Monsters: A Voyage around the World's Most Beguiling Map |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2014 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BT2NAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |pages=130–132 |isbn=<!--0226925188, -->9780226925189}}</ref>

<ref name="ni_mheallaigh">{{citation|last=ní Mheallaigh |first=Karen |author-link=Karen ní Mheallaigh |chapter=7. Conclusion: fiction and the wonder-culture of the Roman empire |title=Reading Fiction with Lucian: Fakes, Freaks and Hyperreality: Greek Culture in the Roman World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cru1BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 |page=262|isbn=<!--1316123987, -->9781316123980}}</ref>

<ref name="noguera">{{cite book|last=Noguera |first=Renato |author-link=<!--Renato Noguera (philosophy professor)--> |others=Carla Silva |chapter=Alguns mitos Guaranis: § Iara: ciúme, sedução e projeção |title=Mulheres e deusas: Como as divindades e os mitos femininos formaram a mulher atual |publisher=HarperCollins Brasil |year=2018|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMNNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT126 |pages=130–132 |isbn=<!--8595083053, -->9788595083059|quote=Iara renasce como mulher-peixe, uma imagem similar à sereia dos europeus.}}</ref>

<ref name="nukada">{{cite journal|last=Nukada |first=Minoru |author-link=<!--Minoru Nukada 額田年--> |title=Historical Development of the Ama's Diving Activities |editor1-last=Rahn |editor1-first=Herrman |editor1-link=<!--Herrman Rahn -->|editor2-last=Yokoyama |editor2-first=Tetsuro |editor2-link=<!--Tetsuro Yokoyama 横山哲朗--> |journal=Physiology of Breath-Hold Diving and the Ama of Japan: Papers |year=1965 |volume=Publication 1341 |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18843/chapter/4 |pages=25–41 |doi=10.17226/18843|isbn=978-0-309-30765-9 }}</ref>

<ref name="ojeda">{{cite book|last=Ojeda |first=Alfonso  |author-link=<!--Alfonso Ojeda--> |title=Cinco historias de la conexión española con la India, Birmania y China: Desde la imprenta a la igualdad de género |publisher=Los Libros De La Catarata |date=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1h__DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55 |page=<!--unpaginated--> |isbn=<!--8413520649, -->9788413520643}}</ref>

<ref name="olafs_saga_helga-flateyjar">{{citation|editor1-last=Vigfússon |editor1-first=Guðbrandur |editor1-link=Guðbrandur Vigfússon |editor2-last=Unger |editor2-first=Carl Richard |editor2-link=Carl Richard Unger |chapter=Chapter 23. Olafr konungr vann margyghe |title=Flatejarbók |volume=2 |location=Christiania |publisher=P.T. Malling |date=1862 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6MNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA25 |pages=25–26}}</ref>

<ref name="olaus">{{cite book|author=Olaus Magnus |author-link=Olaus Magnus |chapter=Libri XX. Capitulum XX |title=Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus |location=Rome |publisher=Giovanni M. Viotto |year=1555 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9lEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA716 |page=716 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="olaus2">{{cite book|author=Olaus Magnus |author-link=Olaus Magnus |chapter=Libri XXI. Praefatio |title=Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus |location=Rome |publisher=Giovanni M. Viotto |year=1555 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9lEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA729 |page=729 |quote=Sunt & beluae in mari quasi hominis figuram imitantes, lugubres in cantu, vt nereides; etiam marini homines, toto corpore absoluta similitudine.. |language=la}}</ref>

<ref name="olaus-eng">{{cite book|author=Olaus Magnus |author-link=Olaus Magnus |editor-last=Foote |editor-first=Peter |editor-link=Peter Foote |title=Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus: Romæ 1555 |others=<!--Peter Fisher (translator) (born 1934)-->Fisher, Peter;, [[Humphrey Higgins|Higgens, Humphrey]] (trr.) |trans-title=Description of the Northern Peoples : Rome 1555 |publisher=Hakluyt Society |date=1996 |page=1052 |isbn=<!--090418059X, 9780904180596--> |quote=There can be heard melodious flutes and.. cymbals.. as I recounted.. on the sister Fates and the nymphs, as Pliny.. reads..'An embassy was dispatched from Olysippo.. to the Emperor Tiberius that Triton had been seen.. And.. the Nereids... the people.. listened from afar to her dismal moans at the hour of her death', etc.}}; [https://books.google.com/books?id=CvhKDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT411&pg=PT411 e-book] (unpaginated)</ref>
<ref name="olaus2-eng">{{cite book|author=Olaus Magnus |author-link=Olaus Magnus |editor-last=Foote |editor-first=Peter |editor-link=Peter Foote |title=Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus: Romæ 1555 |others=<!--Peter Fisher (translator) (born 1934)-->Fisher, Peter;, [[Humphrey Higgins|Higgens, Humphrey]] (trr.) |trans-title=Description of the Northern Peoples : Rome 1555|publisher=Hakluyt Society |date=1998 |page=1081 |isbn=9780904180435 |quote=There are also sea-creatures, like mermaids, which sing plaintively and are similar in shape to human beings; and there are mermen}}; [https://books.google.com/books?id=CvhKDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT411&pg=PT411 e-book] (unpaginated)</ref>

<ref name="olina_thorvardardottir">{{cite book|author=Ólína Þorvarðardóttir |author-link=Ólína Þorvarðardóttir |chapter=Sæbúar, vatnaverur og dísir |title=Íslenskar þjóðsögur: álfar og tröll |publisher=Bóka- og blaðaútgáfan |date=1987 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffjZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22haffr%C3%BA%22 |page=17 |isbn=<!--9979921005, -->9789979921004|language=is}}</ref>

<ref name="olsen-dansk-engelsk-havfrue&havmand">{{cite book|last=L. B. |first=Olsen|author-mask=Olsen, L. B. (ps.; {{=}}Salomon Soldin) |author-link=Salomon Soldin |chapter=Havfrue 'mermaid, sea-maid, siren'; Havmand 'seaman, merman') |title=Dansk og engelsk Lexicon: udarbeidet efter de bedste Forfattere i begge Sprog |location=Kjøbenhavn |publisher=A. & S. Soldin |date=1806 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjhVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA820 |pages=155, 820 |language=no}}</ref>

<ref name="ornan">{{citation|last=Ornan |first=Tallay |author-link=<!--Tallay Ornan--> |collaboration=Israel Exploration Society |title=The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban |location=Göttingen |publisher=<!--Imprint: Academic Press Fribourg--> [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]] |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cpei4BrPlSwC&pg=PA127 |page=127|isbn=<!--3525530072, -->9783525530078 |series=Orbis biblicus et orientalis 213}}</ref>

<ref name="orchard">{{cite book|editor-last=Orchard |editor-first=Andy (tr.)|editor-link=Andy Orchard |title=Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf Manuscript |publisher=University of Toronto Press |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hU8DdkwXbDEC&pg=PA263 |pages=262–263|isbn=9780802085832}}</ref>

<ref name="patten">{{citation|last=Patten |first=Robert L. |author-link=Robert L. Patten |chapter=Chapter 15. Thorough-bred Artist |title=George Cruikshank's Life, Times and Art: Volume 1, 1792-1835 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |date=1992 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHF4j4YPaSsC&pg=PA237 |page=237|isbn=<!--081351813X, -->9780813518138 }}</ref>

<ref name="paul">{{cite book|last=Paul |first=Hermann  |author-link=Hermann Paul |title=Grundriss der germanischen Philologie |volume=2 |number=2 |publisher=Trübner |date=1893 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMfjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA55 |page=55}}</ref>

<ref name="peacock">{{cite book|last=Peacock |first=Martha Moffitt |author-link=<!--Martha Moffitt Peacock--> |chapter=The Mermaid of Edam and the Emergence of Dutch National Identity |editor-last=Classen |editor-first=Albrecht |editor-link=<!--Albrecht Classen--> |title=Imagination and Fantasy in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time: Projections, Dreams, Monsters, and Illusions |publisher=Walter de Gruyter  |date=2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h773DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT571 |page=684  |isbn=<!--311069378X, -->9783110693782}}</ref>

<ref name="pessoa&sousa2022">{{cite book|last1=Pessoa |first1=Roberto Soares |author1-link=:pt:Roberto Soares Pessoa|last2=Sousa |first2=Raimundo Erivelto de |author2-link=<!--Raimundo Erivelto de Sousa--> |chapter=03.2 A Cultura Popular |title=Ditados Populares: a verdade que o povo consagrou |location=<!--s.l.--> |publisher=Editora Dialética |date=2022 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFGGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |page=|isbn=<!--6525247519,  -->9786525247519}}</ref>

<ref name="pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-bostock&riley">{{cite book|author=Pliny the Elder |author-link=Pliny the Elder |translator1-last=Bostock |translator1-first=John |translator1-link=John Bostock (physician) |translator2-last=Riley |translator2-first=Henry Thomas  |translator2-link=Henry Thomas Riley |chapter=IX.Chap. 4. (5.) -- The forms of the tritions and nereids. The forms of sea elephants |title=The Natural History of Pliny, Vol. 2 |publisher=H. G. Bohn |date=1855 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362 |pages=362–363|isbn=9780598910769}}</ref>

<ref name="pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-rackham">{{cite book|author=Pliny the Elder |author-link=Pliny the Elder |translator=Rackham, H[arris] |translator-link=<!--Harris Rackham--> |chapter=IX.10.iv Tritons, Nereid and aquatic monsters |title=Natural History, Vol. 3 |publisher=W. Heinemann |date=1940 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/plinynaturalhist005560mbp/page/168/ |pages=168–169 |series=Loeb classical library.}}; [https://books.google.com/books?id=v5OEAAAAIAAJ&q=nereids 1958 ed. ]</ref>

<ref name="pliny-hn-idx">{{cite book|author=Pliny the Elder |author-link=Pliny the Elder |title=Natural History, Vol. 8 |publisher=W. Heinemann |year=1963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pWEAAAAIAAJ&q=%22homo+marinus%22 |page=589 (index) |isbn=9780674994607|series=Loeb classical library.}}</ref>

<ref name="pontoppidan">{{cite book|last=Pontoppidan |first=Erich |author-link=Erik Pontoppidan |chapter=Kap. 8. §2. Havmand –§4. Meer-minne – §5. Marmæte |title=Det første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie |volume=2<!--Anden Deel--> |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Berlingske Arvingers Bogtrykkerie |date=1753a |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVuF_HQlnYcC&pg=PA302 |pages=302–317|language=da}} [https://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/34de0f4d96b2dd8914eeb75b5b49d484#393 digital copy]@National Library Norway</ref>
<ref name="pontoppidan-eng">{{cite book|last=Pontoppidan |first=Erich |author-link=Erik Pontoppidan |chapter=Ch. 8. Sect. 3. Hav-Mand, Mer-man – Sect. 4. Meerminne – Sect. 5. Marmæte |title=The Natural History of Norway...: Translated from the Danish Original |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=A. Linde |date=1755 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OglUqRf_soC&pg=RA1-PA186 |pages=186–195}}</ref>

<ref name="polistico">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Polistico |first=Edgie |author-link=<!--Edgie Polistico--> |editor-last=Haase |editor-first=Donald |editor-link=<!--Donald Haase--> |title=dugong |encyclopedia=Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary |location=Mandaluyong |publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc. |year=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STSWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225 |page=<!--unpaginated-->|isbn=<!--6214200871, -->9786214200870}}</ref>

<ref name="prichard">{{cite book|last=Prichard |first=James Cowles |author-link=James Cowles Prichard |title=Researches into the History of Mankind: History of the Oceanic and American nations|publisher=Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper |date=1847 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58 |page=58}}</ref>

<ref name="proenca1969">{{cite book|last=Proença |first=Manuel Cavalcanti |author-link=:pt:Manuel Cavalcanti Proença |title=Roteiro de Macunaíma |location=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Civilização Brasileira |date=1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g69TAAAAMAAJ&q=Alamoa |page=210}}; {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLIJAQAAIAAJ&q=Alamoa  |2=5th ed.}} (1978), p. 170; {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtsdAQAAIAAJ&q=%22A Alamoa%22  |2=6th ed.}} (1987), p. 170</ref>

<ref name="rabenschlacht-ed-martin">[[Ernst Martin|Martin, Ernst]] ed. (1866 ). [https://books.google.com/books?id=epk6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA309 Str.964]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=epk6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA310 Str. 969]</ref>

<ref name="renard-2nd-ed-1754">{{cite book|last=Renard |first=Louis |author-link=<!--Louis Renard--> |others=[[Balthasar Coyett|Baltazar Coyett]], [[Adriaan van der Stel|Adrien van der Stell]] |chapter=monstre ou sirenne |title=Poissons, ecrevisses et crabes, de diverses couleurs et figures extraordinaires: que l'on trouve autour des isles Moluques et sur les côtes des terres Australes: peints d'après nature ... Ouvrage ... quit contient un trr̀e grand nombre de poissons les plus beaux & les plus rares de la Mer des Indes |edition=2 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Chez Reinier & Josué Ottens |date=1754 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10s8hXP9Ej0C&pg=PT6 |at=Planche LVII, Nº 240}}(ミシガン大学蔵本)</ref>

<ref name="rhodes">{{cite book|last=Rhodes |first=Kimberly |author-link=<!--Kimberly Rhodes--> |title=Ophelia and Victorian Visual Culture: Representing Body Politics in the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Routledge |date=2016 |orig-date=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118  |page=118 |isbn=<!--1351555677, -->9781351555678}}</ref>

<ref name="rietz">{{cite book|last=Rietz|first=Johan Ernst |author-link=:sv:Ernst Rietz |chapter=kona: sjö-kuna |title=Svenskt dialekt-lexikon eller ordbog öfver svenska allmogespraket |volume=1 |location=Lund |publisher=Cronholm |year=1877 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxOiBBNO0vcC&pg=PA345 |page=345 |language=sv}}</ref>

<ref name="ringgren">{{cite book|last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |author-link=Helmer Ringgren |chapter=The Religion of Ancient Syria |editor1-last=Bleeker |editor1-first=C. Jouco |editor1-link=<!--Claas Jouco Bleeker--> |editor2-last=Widengren |editor2-first=Geo |editor2-link=Geo Widengren |title=Historia Religionorum I: Religions of the Past |publisher=E. J. Brill |date=1969 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA208 |page=208<!--195–222-->}}</ref>

<ref name="rotroff">{{cite book|last=Rotroff |first=Susan I. |author-link=Susan I. Rotroff |title=Hellenistic Painted Potter: Athenian and Imported Moldmade Bowls, The Athenian Agora 22 |publisher=American School of Classical Studies at Athens |year=1982 |page=67, #190; Plates 35, 80 |isbn=<!--0876612222,-->978-0876612224}}</ref>

<ref name="sayers">{{cite journal|last=Sayers |first=William |author-link=<!--William Sayers--> |title=Deployment of an Irish Loan: ON ''verða at gjalti'' 'to Go Mad with Terror' |journal=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology |volume=93 |number=2 |date=April 1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHpXAAAAYAAJ&q=%22mermaid |page=176<!--157–182-->|quote=<!--a ''margýgr'', mermaid or female sea monster:..--> |jstor=27710979}}</ref>

<ref name="schade-altd_woerterbuch">{{cite book|last=Schade |first=Oskar |author-link=:en:Oskar Schade |chapter=meremanni ''ahd. st. M. mhd.'' mereminne / merewîp, merwîp |title=Altdeutsches Wörterbuch |volume=II |location=Halle |publisher=Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses |date=1866 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATtJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA394 |page=394|language=de}}</ref>

<ref name="schottenhammer">{{cite book|last=Schottenhammer |first=Angela |author-link=<!--Angela Schottenhammer--> |chapter=The Sea as Barrier and Contact Zone: Maritime Space and Sea Routes in Traditional Chinese Books and Maps |editor1-last=Schottenhammer |editor1-first=Angela |editor1-link=<!--Angela Schottenhammer--> |editor2-last=Ptak |editor2-first=Roderich |editor2-link=<!--Roderich Ptak--> |title=The Perception of Maritime Space in Traditional Chinese Sources |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |date=2006 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9rWcNu89kgC&pg=PA11 |page=11<!--3–14--> |isbn=<!--3447053402, -->9783447053402}}</ref>

<ref name="shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish">{{cite book|editor-last=Strassberg |editor-first=Richard E. |editor-link=<!--Richard E. Strassberg--> |chapter=15. Red Ru-fish (Chiru) |script-chapter=zh:赤鱬 |title=A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the ''Guideways Through Mountains and Seas'' |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2018 |chapter-url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1911212/21 |page=34}}</ref>
<ref name="shanhaijing-strassberg-diren-dipeople">{{cite book|editor-last=Strassberg |editor-first=Richard E. |editor-link=<!--Richard E. Strassberg--> |chapter=266. The Di people (Diren)  |script-chapter=zh:氐人 |title=A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the ''Guideways Through Mountains and Seas'' |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnpFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 |page=190 |isbn=978-0-52029-851-4}}</ref>
<ref name="shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish">{{cite book|editor-last=Strassberg |editor-first=Richard E. |editor-link=<!--Richard E. Strassberg--> |chapter=125. Human-fish (Renyu) |script-chapter=zh:人魚 |title=A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the ''Guideways Through Mountains and Seas'' |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnpFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 |page=130 |isbn=978-0-52029-851-4}}</ref>

<ref name="soares&silva&barbosa">{{cite book|last1=Soares |first1=Cláudia Campos |author1-link=<!--Cláudia Campos Soares--> |last2=Silva |first2=Hugo Domínguez |author2-link=<!--Hugo Domínguez Silva--> |last3=Barbosa |first3=Tereza Virgínia R. |author3-link=<!--Tereza Virgínia R. Barbosa--> |chapter=''Magma'', by João Guimãraes Rosa: Word in Progress |editor1-last=Silva |editor1-first=Maria de Fátima |editor1-link=<!--Maria de Fátima Silva--> |editor2-last=Hardwick |editor2-first=Lorna |editor2-link=Lorna Hardwick |editor3-last=Pereira |editor3-first=Susana Marques |editor3-link=<!--Susana Marques Pereira--> |title=The Classical Tradition in Portuguese and Brazilian Poetry |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=2022 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63VjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |page=191<!--176–--> |isbn=<!--1527581195, -->9781527581197}}</ref>

<ref name="souza">{{cite book|last=Souza |first=Licia Soares de  |author-link=<!--Licia Soares de Souza--> |chapter=A Baía de Todos os Santos em Mar Morto |editor1-last=Caroso |editor1-first=Carlos |editor1-link=<!--Carlos Caroso--> |editor2-last=Tavares |editor2-first=Fátima |editor2-link=<!--Fátima Tavares--> |editor3-last=Pereira |editor3-first=Cláudio |editor3-link=<!--Cláudio Pereira--> |title=Baía de todos os santos: aspectos humanos |publisher=SciELO – EDUFBA |date=2011 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cT7_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA562 |pages=562 <!--561–571-->|doi=10.7476/9788523211622 |isbn=<!--8523211624, -->9788523211622 |jstor=10.7476/9788523211622.24 |language=pt}}</ref>

<ref name="suarez_t.">{{cite book|last=Suarez |first=Thomas |author-link=<!--Thomas Suarez--> |chapter=Chapter 15. The Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. § François Valentijn and Johannes van Keulen |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |date=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQTQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT608 |pages=232–|isbn=<!--1462906966, -->9781462906963}}</ref>

<ref name=russell>{{cite book|last=Russell |first=Eugenia |author-link=<!--Eugenia Russell--> |title=Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica |publisher=[[A&C Black]]<!--Bloomsbury imprint--> |year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QBMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PR22 |page=xxii|isbn=978-1-441-16177-2}}</ref>

<ref name="scribner2021">{{cite web|last=Scribner |first=Vaughn |author-link=<!--Vaughn Scribner,  assistant professor of history at the University of Central Arkansas--> |title=Mermaids and Tritons in the Age of Reason |publisher=Public Domains Review |date=29 September 2021 |url=https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/mermaids-and-tritons-in-the-age-of-reason |access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref>

<ref name="senter&snow">{{citation|last1=Senter |first1=Phil |author-link=<!--Phil Senter--> |last2=Snow |first2=Venretta B. |author-link2=<!--Venretta B. Snow--> |title=Solution to a 300-year-old zoological mystery |journal=Archives of Natural History |volume=40 |issue=2 |date=September 2015 |pages=257–262 |doi=10.3366/anh.2013.0172 }}. [https://shnh.org.uk/publications/archives-of-natural-history/archives-of-natural-history-volume-40-no-2-2013/ Abstract]</ref>

<ref name=shanhaijing10regions-within-sea-south>{{cite wikisource||script-title=zh:山海經/山海經/海內南經 |title=Shanhaijing /Haineinanjing |wslink=zh:山海經/山海經/海內南經 |quote={{lang|zh|氐人國在建木西, 其為人人面而魚身, 無足.}}}}</ref>

<ref name="taiping_guangji464">{{cite wikisource|和書 |chapter=卷第464 海人魚|title=太平廣記<!--Taiping guangji--> |date=1726 |wslink=zh:太平廣記/卷第464#海人魚 }}</ref>

<ref name="tauchnitz">{{cite book|last=Tauchnitz |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Tauchnitz |chapter=mermaid |title=Nytt engelskt och svenskt handlexikon |trans-title=A New Pocket-dictionary of the English and Swedish Languages |location=Leipzig |publisher=O. Holtze |date=1883 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFxAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260 |page=260 }}</ref>

<ref name="tocantins1963">{{cite book|last=Tocantins |first=Leandro |author-link=:pt:Leandro Tocantins |title=Santa Maria de Belém Do Gräo Pará: Instantes E Evocacöes la Cidade |location=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Editôra Civilizacäo Brasileira |year=1963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OxlAAAAMAAJ&q=Arinos |page=322 |lang=pt}}</ref>

<ref name=toriyama-eng>{{citation|last=Toriyama |first=Sekien |author-link=Toriyama Sekien |translator=Hiroko Yoda |translator2=Matt Alt |title=Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeTtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |pages=168 |isbn=9780486818757 }}</ref>

<ref name="thompson">{{cite journal|last=Thompson |first=Homer A. |author-link=Homer Thompson |title=The Excavation of the Athenian Agora Twelfth Season |journal=Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens |volume=17 |number=3, ''The Thirty-Fifth Report of the American Excavation in the Athenian Agora'' |date=July–September 1948 |url=https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/146874.pdf |pages=161–162<!--149–196--> and Fig. 5 |jstor=146874}}</ref>

<ref name="thorpe2-p027-norw">{{Cite book|last=Thorpe |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Thorpe |chapter=I. Norwegian Traditions: §The Merman (Marmennill) and Mermaid (Margygr) |title=Northern Mythology, Comprising the Principal Popular Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany and the Netherlands: Compiled from Original and Other Sources |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Edward Lumley |year=1851|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA27 |page=27}}</ref>

<ref name="thorpe2-p076-swedish">{{Cite book|last=Thorpe |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Thorpe |chapter=II. Swedish Traditions: §The skogsrå―the sjöra–§ Of Water-Elves (1 The Mermaid) |title=Northern Mythology, Comprising the Principal Popular Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany and the Netherlands: Compiled from Original and Other Sources |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Edward Lumley |year=1851|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA75 |pages=75; 76–77 }}</ref>

<ref name="valentyn-deel3-1726">{{cite book|last=Valentyn |first=François |author-link=François Valentyn |chapter=Verhandling der Water-Dieren: 3de Hoofdstuck. I. Van de Zee-Menschen |trans-chapter=Treatise on the Aquatic Animals of Ambon |title=Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën |volume=3 |location=Dordrecht/Amsterdam |publisher=Johannes van Braam/Gerard onder de Linden |date=1726 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHtEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA330 |pages=330–332 |isbn=9789051942286 |language=nl}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHtEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332-IA3 Pl.]; [https://archive.org/details/oudennieuwoostin03vale/page/n389/mode/2up (Internet Archive)]</ref>

<ref name="visdatabas-havfruns_tarna">{{cite web|url=http://www.smalandsmusikarkiv.nu/folkvisa/visor/smbds23-ah/smbds23-ah.html |title=Havfruns tärna |website= Smålands Musikarkiv |publisher=[[Linnaeus University]] |date=<!--s.d.--> |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref>

<ref name="webster-EB1891">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Webster|first=Hugh Alexander |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature |author-link=Hugh Alexander Webster |entry=Mermaids and Mermen |dictionary=Encyclopedia Britannica |edition=9 |volume=16 |date=1891 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Oloj5zFGzgC&pg=PA44 |pages=44–45}}</ref>

<ref name="wood.r">{{cite journal |last=Wood |first=Rita |author-link=<!--Rita Wood---> |title=The Norman Chapel in Durham Castle |journal=Northern History |date=March 2010 |volume=XLVII |issue=1 |url=http://www.rwromanesque.co.uk/NHI211731.pdf |access-date=25 July 2012 |page=31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211081710/http://www.rwromanesque.co.uk/NHI211731.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="woodruff">{{cite journal|last=Woodruff|first=Helen |author-link=<!--Helen Woodruff--> |title=The Physiologus of Bern: A Survival of Alexandrian Style in a Ninth Century |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=12 |number=3 |date=September 1930 |at=Fig. 22 and p. 249<!--226–253-->|jstor=3050780}}</ref>

<ref name=yoda&alt2013>{{citation|last1=Yoda |first1=Hiroko |author-link=<!--Hiroko Yoda--> |last2=Alt |first2=Matt |author-link2=<!--Matt Alt--> |title=Yokai Attack!: The Japanese Monster Survival Guide |publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing]] |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ArQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT265 |pages=265 |isbn=978-1-462-90883-7}}</ref>

<ref name="yoshioka1993-p38">{{Cite journal|last=Yoshioka |first=Ikuo |author-link=:ja:吉岡郁夫 |title=Ningyo no shinka |script-title=ja:人魚の進化 |journal=Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia<!--比較民俗研究--> |publisher=Tsukuba University<!--筑波大学比較民俗研究会--> |date=September 1993 |issue=8 |url=https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/4441/files/5.pdf |page=38<!--35–47--> |issn=0915-7468}} [https://hdl.handle.net/2241/14286 URI]</ref>

<ref name="yoshioka-cit-hino">{{harvp|Yoshioka|1993|p=39<!--35–47-->}}, citing Hino (1926), p. 170</ref>

<ref name="zheng&kirk&buell&unschuld-Cuyiji">{{citation|editor1-last=Zheng |editor1-first=Jinsheng |editor1-link=<!--Zheng Jinsheng--> |editor2-last=Kirk |editor2-first= Nalini  |editor2-link=<!-- Nalini Kirk--> |editor3-last=Buell |editor3-first=Paul D. |editor3-link=<!--Paul D. Buell--> |editor4-last=Unschuld |editor4-first=Paul Ulrich |editor4-link=<!--Paul U. Unschuld--> |title=Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 3: Persons and Literary Sources |publisher=University of California Press  |date=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |page=87 |isbn=<!--0520291972, -->9780520291973}}</ref>
}}

=== General and cited references ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | url = http://digidol.llgc.org.uk/METS/MST00001/frames?div=0&subdiv=0&locale=en&mode=thumbnail | publisher = LLGC | title = Seventeenth-century pamphlet telling the story of an alleged sighting of a mermaid near Pendine, Wales, in 1603 | place = UK}}
* {{cite thesis|ref={{SfnRef|Armistead tr.|2001}} |type=M.A., English Literature |last=Armistead |first=Mary Allyson |author1-link=<!--Mary Allyson Armistead--> |author-mask=Armistead, Mary Allyson ed., tr. |title=The Middle English Physiologus: A Critical Translation and Commentary |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and University |date=12 April 2001 |pages=85–90|citeseerx=10.1.1.557.6420 }}
* {{Citation|editor1-last=Bacchilega |editor1-first=Cristina |editor1-link=<!--Cristina Bacchilega-->|editor2-last=Brown |editor2-first=Marie Alohalani |editor2-link=<!--Marie Alohalani Brown--> |title=The Penguin Book of Mermaids |volume=1 |publisher=Penguin |date=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d16IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1 |pages=i–xxiv |isbn=<!--0525505571, -->9780525505570}}
* {{cite book|last=Bassett |first=Fletcher S. |author-link=Fletcher S. Bassett |chapter=Chapter IV. Water-Sprites and Mermaids |title=Sea Phantoms: Or, Legends and Superstitions of the Sea and of Sailors in All Lands and at All Times |edition=Rev.|location=Chicago |publisher=Rinehart & Company, Inc. |date=1892 |orig-date=1885 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcYsAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA148 |pages=148–201}}
* {{citation |last1=Benwell |first1=Gwen |author-link=<!--Gwen Benwell--> |last2=Waugh |first2=Arthur |author-link2=Arthur Waugh (author) |title=Sea Enchantress: The Tale of the Mermaid and Her Kin |location=Bloomington |publisher=Citadel Press |date=1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SESAQAAIAAJ |isbn=<!--780055516X, -->9787800555169}}
* {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Birrell tr.|2000}} |translator-last=Birrell |translator-first=Anne |translator-link=<!--Anne Birrell--> |title=The Classic of Mountains and Seas |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOUYcJXKrO8C |isbn=9780140447194 }}
* {{cite book|last=Briggs |first=K. M. |author-link=Katharine M. Briggs |title=An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures |publisher=Random House |year=1976 |isbn=0-394-73467-X}}
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20090401003144/http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/small/item/GTJ64526/ Older archived version], with brief synopsis and commentary
* {{cite book|last=Carrington |first=Richard |author-link=<!--Richard Carrington (anthropologist and geographer)--> |title=Mermaids and Mastodons |location=New York |publisher=Rinehart & Company, Inc. |date=1957 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_2yAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Cascudo |first=Luís da Câmara |author-link=Luís da Câmara Cascudo |title=Dicionário do folclore brasileiro |volume=1 (A–I) |edition=2 |date=1962 |orig-date=1954 |location=Brasília |publisher=Instituto Nacional do Livro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVUNAQAAMAAJ |language=pt}}: [https://books.google.com/books?id=q1UNAQAAMAAJ Vol. '''2 (J–Z)''']
* {{cite journal|last=Castiglioni |first=Andrea |author-link=<!--Andrea Castiglioni--> |title=The Human-Fish |journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies |volume=48 |number=1 |date=2021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP4SAAAAIAAJ&q=polypus |pages=1–44 |jstor=27039930 |doi=10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44|s2cid=237709697 |doi-access=free }}
* {{citation|last=Cowper |first=B. Harris |author-link=<!--Benjamin Harris Cowper--> |title=Directo, the Goddess of Ascalon |journal=The Journal of Sacred Literature and Biblical Record |volume=7 |number=8 |date=April 1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PgDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA14 |pages=1–20}}
* {{cite journal|last=Faral |first=Edmond  |author-link=<!--Edmond Faral--> |title=La queue de poisson des sirènes |journal=Romania |volume=74 |date=1953 |issue=296 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1953_num_74_296_3384 |pages=433–506 |doi=10.3406/roma.1953.3384}}
* {{cite book|last=Faye|first=Andreas |author-link=Andreas Faye |chapter=Havmænd og Havfruer |title=Norske Sagn |location=Arendal |publisher=N. C. Halds Bogtrykkerie |date=1833 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RitXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA63 |pages=58–62 |language=da}}
* {{cite book|last=Fraser |first=Lucy |author-link=<!--Lucy Fraser (academic)--> |title=The Pleasures of Metamorphosis: Japanese and English Fairy Tale Transformations of "The Little Mermaid" |publisher=Wayne State University Press |date=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EP-WDgAAQBAJ |isbn=<!--0814342450, -->9780814342459}}
* {{cite book|last1=George |first1=Wilma B. |author1-link=<!--Wilma B. George--> |last2=Yapp |first2=William Brunsdon |author2-link=William Brunsdon Yapp |title=The Naming of the Beasts: Natural History in the Medieval Bestiary |publisher=Duckworth |date=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtoPAQAAMAAJ&q=siren |pages=99–100 |isbn=<!--0715622382, -->9780715622384}}
* {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1883}}|last=Grimm |first=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Grimm |author-mask=2 |translator-last=Stallybrass |translator-first=James Steven |translator-link=<!--James Steven Stallybrass--> |chapter=XVII. Wights and Elves |title=Teutonic mythology |volume=2 |publisher=W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen |year=1883 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ektAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA439 |pages=439–517}}
* {{citation |last=Hardwick |first=Paul |author-link=<!--Paul Hardwick (academic)--> |title=English Medieval Misericords: The Margins of Meaning |publisher=Boydell Press|date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjODkjR1aKgC |isbn=<!--1843836599, -->9781843836599}}
* {{citation |last=Hayward |first=Philip |author-link=<!--Philip Hayward--> |title=Making a Splash: Mermaids (and Mermen) in 20th and 21st Century Audiovisual Media |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSkBDgAAQBAJ |isbn=<!--0861969251, -->9780861969258}}
* {{citation |last=Holford-Strevens |first=Leofranc |author-link=Leofranc Holford-Strevens |chapter=1. Sirens in Antiquity and the Middle Ages |editor1-last=Austern |editor1-first=Linda Phyllis |editor1-link=<!--Linda Phyllis Austern--> |editor2-last=Naroditskaya |editor2-first=Inna |editor2-link=<!--Inna Naroditskaya--> |title=Music of the Siren |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2006 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IBSGG9YegwC&pg=PT25 |pages=16–50 |isbn=<!--0253112079, -->9780253112071}}
* Jøn, A. Asbjørn, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280883413_Dugongs_and_Mermaids_Selkies_and_Seals Dugongs and Mermaids, Selkies and Seals]
* {{cite book |<!--ref={{SfnRef|Jón Árnason|1862}}|-->author=Jón Árnason |author-link=Jón Árnason (author) |chapter=1. Flokkur: Goðfræðissögur. 2. Grein: Saebúar og vatna |title=Íslenzkar Þjóðsögur og Æfintýri |volume=I| location=Leipzig |publisher=J. C. Hinrichs |year=1862 |pages=131–141 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgxyGmV62ywC&pg=PA131}} ([http://baekur.is/bok/000197672/1/170/Islenzkar_thjodsogur_og#page/n169/mode/2up baekur.is]) {{in lang|is}}
* {{cite book|last=Kestner |first=Joseph A. |author-link=<!--Joseph A. Kestner--> |title=Mythology and Misogyny: The Social Discourse of Nineteenth-century British Classical-subject Painting |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BT2NAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |pages=130–132 |isbn=<!--0299115305, -->9780299115302}}
* {{cite book|last=Magee |first=Elizabeth |author-link=<!--Elizabeth Magee--> |title=Richard Wagner and the Nibelungs |publisher=Clarendon Press |date=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfwZAQAAIAAJ&q=prophesying |isbn=<!--0198161905, -->9780198161905}}
* {{cite journal|last=Magnani |first=Arianna |author-link=<!--Arianna Magnani--> |title=Searching for Sirenes in the 17th and 18th Centuries: Fantastic Taxonomies of Anthropomorphic Fish in Chinese and Jesuit Texts |journal=Sulla Via del Catai  |number=26 |date=May 2022 |url=https://www.martinomartinicenter.org/uploads/2/2/8/5/22856686/26_magnani_87-105.pdf |pages=87–105}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Matsuoka |first=Masako |author-link=<!--松岡正子--> |title=Ningyo densetsu: Sengaikyō wo jiku to shite |script-title=ja:人魚傳説―「山海經」を軸として― |trans-title=Mermaid Legends Told Mainly in Shan-hai jing |year=1982 |publisher=<!--早稻田大學中國文學會--> |journal=Journal of Waseda University Society of Chinese Literature<!--中国文学研究--> |volume=8 |issue=8 |url=https://waseda.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=2283&file_id=162&file_no=1 |pages=49–66 |hdl=2065/35194}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=U0A2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22海人魚%22 google]
* {{cite book|last=Milliken |first=Roberta |author-link=<!--Roberta Milliken, Professor of English and Dean at [[Ohio University – Chillicothe]]--> |title=Ambiguous Locks: An Iconology of Hair in Medieval Art and Literature |publisher=McFarland |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XF71kR2h1LsC&pg=PA125 |isbn=<!--0786487925, -->9780786487929}}
* {{cite journal|last=Mustard |first=Wilfred P. |author-link=<!--Wilfred Pirt Mustard--> |title=Mermaid—Siren |journal=Modern Language Notes |volume=23 |date=1908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv8mAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA21 |pages=21–22|doi=10.2307/2916861 |jstor=2916861 }}
* {{citation |last1=Naroditskaya |first1=Inna |author-link=<!--Inna Naroditskaya--> |last2=Austern  |first2=Linda Phyllis |author-link2=<!--Linda Phyllis Austern--> |chapter=Introduction: Singing Each to Each |editor1-last=Austern |editor1-first=Linda Phyllis |editor1-link=<!--Linda Phyllis Austern--> |editor2-last=Naroditskaya |editor2-first=Inna |editor2-link=<!--Inna Naroditskaya--> |title=Music of the Siren |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2006 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IBSGG9YegwC&pg=PT9 |pages=1–15 |isbn=<!--0253112079, -->9780253112071}}
* {{cite journal|last=Nies|first=Betst|title=Transatlantic Mermaids: Literary and Cultural Fantasies from Copenhagen to Haiti and the United States|journal=Amaltea. Revista de mitocrítica|volume=6|year=2014|pages=305–327|doi=10.5209/rev_AMAL.2014.v6.46527}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nkemleke|first1=Daniel A.|last2=Neba|first2=Divine Che|chapter=Human Categories in Oral Tradition in Cameroon|editor-first=Katarzyna|editor-last=Marciniak|title=Chasing Mythical Beasts: The Reception of Ancient Monsters in Children's and Young Adults' Culture|location=Heidelberg|publisher=Universitätsverlag Winter|year=2020|isbn=978-3-8253-6995-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ōbayashi |first=Taryō |author-link=:ja:大林太良 |title=Shinwa no hanashi |script-title=ja:神話の話 |series=講談社学術文庫 346|publisher=Kodansha  |year=1979 |pages=67–73|asin=B000J8HXQW |lang=ja}}
* {{cite book|last=Paff |first=William J. |author-link=<!--William J. Paff--> |chapter=The Geographical and Ethnic Names of the Þídriks Saga: A Study in Germanic Heroic Legend|title=Popular Treatises on Science Written During the Middle Ages: In Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman and English |location=London |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KUMAAAAIAAJ&q=Gronsport+denmark |pages=35, 51–53, 73, 129|series=Harvard Germanic studies 2}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pakis |first=Valentine A. |author-link=<!--Valentine A. Pakis--> |title=Contextual Duplicity and Textual Variation: The Siren and Onocentaur in the Physiologus Tradition |journal=Mediaevistik |volume=23 |date=2010  |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/plg/med/2010/00000023/00000001/art00004?crawler=true |pages=115–185 |doi=10.3726/83014_115 |jstor=42587769}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pietsch |first=Theodore W. |author-link=<!--Theodore W. Pietsch--> |title=Samuel Fallours and his 'Sirenne' from the Province of Ambon |journal=Archives of Natural History |volume=18 |number=1 |date=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJYtAAAAIAAJ|pages=1–25 |doi=10.3366/anh.1991.18.1.1}}
* {{cite book|last=Scribner |first=Vaughn |author-link=<!--Vaughn Scribner,  assistant professor of history at the University of Central Arkansas--> |title=Merpeople: A Human History |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgrtDwAAQBAJ |isbn=<!--1789143136, -->9781789143133}}
* {{citation|ref={{SfnRef|Smith, W. Robertson|1887}}|last=Smith |first=W. Robertson |author-link=William Robertson Smith |title=Notes and Documents: Ctesisas and the Semiramis Legend |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=2 |year=1887 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRkpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA303 |pages=303–317 |doi=10.1093/ehr/ii.vi.303}}
* {{cite book|last=Teixeira |first=Francisca Izabel |author-link=<!--Francisca Izabel Teixeira--> |title=The Ritual of Iemanjá in Brazil: A Psychoanalytic Approach |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |date=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2lMAQAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Viscardi |first1=Paolo |author1-link=<!--Paolo Viscardi--> |last2=Hollinshead |first2=Anita |author2-link=<!--Anita Hollinshead--> |last3=MacFarlane |first3=Ross |author3-link=<!--Ross MacFarlane (Wellcome Library)--> |last4=Moffat |first4=James |author4-link=<!--James D. Moffat (physiologist)--> |title=Mermaids Uncovered |journal=Journal of Museum Ethnography |number=27 Brave New Worlds: Transforming Museum Ethnography through Technology: Papers from the Annual Conference of the Museum Ethnographers Group Held at Brighton Museum & Art Gallery, in Association with the University of Brighton, 15–16 April 2013 |date=2014 |pages=98–116 |jstor=43915865}}
* {{cite journal|last=Waugh |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Waugh (author) |title=The Folklore of the Merfolk |journal=Folklore |volume=71 |number=2 |date=<!--Jun.-->1960|pages=73–84 |doi=10.1080/0015587x.1960.9717221 |jstor=1258382}}
* {{cite book|last=Wood |first=Juliette |author-link=Juliette Wood |chapter=Ch. 2: Lingering in sea caves: The world of the mermaid |title=Fantastic Creatures in Mythology and Folklore: From Medieval Times to the Present Day |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48tjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |pages=49–92 |isbn=978-1-441-13060-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Yamaguchi |first=Naoki |author-link=<!--山口直樹--> |chapter=Chapter 2: Ningyo |script-chapter=ja:第2章: 人魚<!--Part 2 Ningyo:Mermaids & Mermen--> |title=Ketteiban yōkai mīra kanzen FILE |script-title=ja:決定版妖怪ミイラ完全FILE |publisher=Gakken Publishing<!--学研パブリッシング--> |date=2010 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHrWDbOvVIsC&pg=PA90 |pages=46–103 |isbn=<!--4054044514, -->9784054044517}}
{{refend}}