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=== HIV co-infection === Persons infected with HIV have a particularly high burden of [[Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection|HIV-HCV co-infection]].<ref name="HIV co-infection">{{Cite journal|last1=Jordan|first1=Ashly E.|last2=Perlman|first2=David C.|last3=Neurer|first3=Joshua|last4=Smith|first4=Daniel J.|last5=Des Jarlais|first5=Don C.|last6=Hagan|first6=Holly|date=2016-01-28|title=Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV+ men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=International Journal of STD & AIDS|volume=28|issue=2|pages=145β159|doi=10.1177/0956462416630910|issn=1758-1052|pmid=26826159|pmc=4965334}}</ref><ref name="Platt, Easterbrook et al">{{Cite journal|last1=Platt|first1=Lucy|last2=Easterbrook|first2=Philippa|last3=Gower|first3=Erin|last4=McDonald|first4=Bethan|last5=Sabin|first5=Keith|last6=McGowan|first6=Catherine|last7=Yanny|first7=Irini|last8=Razavi|first8=Homie|last9=Vickerman|first9=Peter|date=2016-02-24|title=Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00485-5|issn=1474-4457|pmid=26922272|volume=16|issue=7|pages=797β808|url=http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2532806/1/PLATT%20Lancet%20Inf%20Dis%20250116%20final%20accepted.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719062234/http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2532806/1/PLATT%20Lancet%20Inf%20Dis%20250116%20final%20accepted.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> In a recent study by the [[World Health Organization|WHO]], the likelihood of being infected with hepatitis C virus was six times greater in those who also had HIV.<ref name="Platt, Easterbrook et al" /> The prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection worldwide was estimated to be 6.2% representing more than 2.2 million people.<ref name="Platt, Easterbrook et al" /> Intravenous drug use was an independent risk factor for HCV infection.<ref name="Rosen - Clinical Practice" /> In the WHO study, the prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection was markedly higher at 82.4% in those who injected drugs compared to the general population (2.4%).<ref name="Platt, Easterbrook et al" /> In a study of HIV-HCV co-infection among HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM), the overall prevalence of anti-hepatitis C antibodies was estimated to be 8.1% and increased to 40% among HIV positive MSM who also injected drugs.<ref name="HIV co-infection" />
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