Editing Manchu language (section)

=== Word formation ===
Manchu has numerous productive [[Morphological derivation|derivational suffixes]].

==== Nouns ====
''Abstract nouns'' are derived from verbs with the suffixes:

* ''-n'', e.g. ''aca'''n''''' "meeting" from ''aca-'' "meet", 
* ''-gan/gen/gon / -han/hen/hon'', e.g. ''niru'''gan''''' "a picture" from ''niru-'' "to draw". 
* -''cun.'' e.g. ''aka'''cun''''' "grief" from ''aka-'' "grieve".

''Nouns denoting instruments'' are derived from verbs with the suffixes:

* ''-ku/kū'', e.g. ''anji'''kū''''' "hatchet" from ''anji-'' "to hack". When derived from a verb stem that ends in the passive/causative suffix ''-bu-'', the meaning is often of an [[agent noun]]: ''tacibu'''kū''''' "teacher" from ''taci'''bu'''-'' "to teach" from ''taci-'' "to learn". 
* ''-sun'' and ''-fun'', e.g. ''iji'''fun''''' "comb" from ''iji''- "to comb", ''umiye'''sun''''' "girdle" from ''umiye-'' "to gird oneself"
* ''-tun'', e.g. ''ali'''tun''''' "cup", "offering table" from ''ali-'' "receive, hold up"

''Agent nouns'' are derived both from verb and from noun stems with the suffixes ''-si'', ''-msi'', ''-ci'', ''-ji'', ''-lji'', ''-mji'', ''-nju'': ''kimci'''si''''' "investigator" from ''kimci-'' "to investigate", ''bithe'''si''''' "scribe" from ''bithe'' "book". A more peculiar meaning of an obtained object is expressed by the suffix ''-ci'' in some words like ''iha'''ci''''' "cowhide" from ''ihan'' "bovine".

Adjectives or nouns denoting the possessor of a ''quality'' are derived both from verb and from noun stems; when the word is derived from a verb. the meaning is sometimes of an agent noun. The following suffixes are used:

* -''tu/du,'' e.g. ''beki'''tu''''' "strong man" from ''beki-'' "strong", ''songgo'''tu''''' "crybaby" from ''songgo-'' "cry", ''giru'''tu''''' "ashamed" from ''giru'' "to be ashamed"
* -''ta/da/to/do'', e.g. ''gioho'''to''''' "beggar" from ''gioho-'' "to beg", ''sangga'''ta''''' "having holes" from ''sangga'' "hole"
* ''-ki,'' e.g. ''acabu'''ki''''' "flatterer" from ''acabu-'' "to flatter", ''amba'''ki''''' "arrogant" from ''amba'' "big".<ref>Gorelova (2002: 194–200)</ref>
The ''[[diminutive]]'' suffixes are ''-kan/ken/kon'', ''-gan/gen'' and ''-cen'' : e.g. ''bira'' "river" – ''bira'''gan''''' "small river", ''golmin'' "long" – ''golmi'''kan''''' "somewhat/rather long".

The [[augmentative]] suffix is ''-linggū''/''linggu'': e.g. ''amban'' "big" – ''amba'''linggū''''' "huge", ''ehe'' "bad" – ''ehe'''linggu''''' "very bad".<ref>Gorelova (2002: 155–156)</ref>

==== Verbs ====
A number of suffixes derive verbs, mostly ''from nouns''.<ref>Gorelova (2002: 235f)</ref>

* The suffix ''-la/-le/-lo'' forms a verb, in which the base noun is the [[Object (grammar)|object]] of the activity: ''songko'' "a trace" – ''songko'''lo'''-'' "to follow a trace"; ''aba'' "a hunt" – ''aba'''la'''-'' "to hunt".<ref name="ReferenceA">Gorelova 2002, 235; Haenisch 1986, 51.</ref>
* The suffix ''-ra/-re/-ro'' is used in a similar way: ''gisun'' "word" – ''gisure-'' "to speak", ''monggo'' "Mongolia" – ''monggoro-'' "to speak Mongolian", "to behave like a Mongol".
* The suffix ''-na/-ne/-no'' forms in part a type of [[Inchoative verb|inchoative]] verb or expresses an inherent development or capability of an object or a person: ''fiyeren'' "fissure" – ''fiere'''ne'''-'' "to split", ''ilha'' "flower" – ''ilha'''na'''-'' "to bloom"; .<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* The suffix ''-ša/-še/-šo'' forms verbs that express the effort to achieve a certain result: ''sain'' "good" – ''sai'''ša'''-'' "praise", ''oncohon'' "arrogant" – ''oncoho'''šo'''-'' "to boast", ''buleku'' "mirror" – ''buleku'''še'''-'' "to look at oneself in a mirror".<ref>Gorelova 2002, 236; Haenisch 1986, 51.</ref>
* The suffix ''-da/-de/-do'' forms verbs with [[Intensive word form|intensive]] or [[Continuative aspect|durative]] meaning or the gradual development of an action: ''jili'' "anger" – ''jilida-'' "get angry", ''ceku'' "a swing" – ''ceku'''de'''-'' "to swing", ''eruwen'' "a drill" – ''eruwe'''de'''-'' "to drill", ''goho'' "elegant" – ''goho'''do'''-''  "to dress up".<ref>Gorelova 2002, 236f; Haenisch 1986, 51f.</ref>
* The suffix ''-ja/-je/-jo'' also has intensive or durative meaning: ''gūnin'''ja'''-'' "to think over carefully" from ''gūnin'' “thought”.

Other suffixes of this type are ''-ta/te/to'' (''gosi'''ta-''''' "to love" from ''gosin'' "love") ''-tu'', ''-li'', and ''-mi''.

Verbs are derived ''from other verbs'', sometimes with intensive and causative meaning, with the suffixes ''-niye'' and ''-kiya/kiye'', ''-giya/giye'', ''-hiya/hiye'': e.g. ''ebe'''niye'''-'' "to wet thoroughly" from ''ebe-'' "to wet", ''jalu'''kiya-''''' "to fill" from ''jalu-'' "to be full, filled", ''tuwa'''kiya-''''' "to guard" from ''tuwa-'' "to watch".

On the formation of verbs with a certain ''aspect,'' ''voice'' or ''direction'', see the grammar section.