Editing Hepatitis (section)

=== Willowbrook State School experiments ===
A New York University researcher named [[Saul Krugman]] continued this research into the 1950s and 1960s, most infamously with his experiments on mentally disabled children at the [[Willowbrook State School]] in New York, a crowded urban facility where hepatitis infections were highly endemic to the student body.  Krugman injected students with gamma globulin, a type of antibody.  After observing the temporary protection against infection this antibody provided, he then tried injected live hepatitis virus into students.  Krugman also controversially took feces from infected students, blended it into milkshakes, and fed it to newly admitted children.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Medical Ethics|last=Munson|first=Ronald|year=1996|pages=273–281}}</ref>

His research was received with much controversy, as people protested the questionable ethics surrounding the chosen target population.  [[Henry K. Beecher|Henry Beecher]] was one of the foremost critics in an article in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' in 1966, arguing that parents were unaware to the risks of consent and that the research was done to benefit others at the expense of children.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beecher|first=Henry|date=1966|title=Ethics and Clinical Research|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=274|issue=24|pages=1354–1360|doi=10.1056/nejm196606162742405|pmid=5327352|pmc=<!--none-->}}; Reprinted in {{cite journal |pmc=2566401 | pmid=11368058 | volume=79 | issue=4 | title=Ethics and clinical research. 1966 | year=2001 | author=Beecher HK | journal=Bull World Health Organ | pages=367–72}}</ref>  Moreover, he argued that poor families with mentally disabled children often felt pressured to join the research project to gain admission to the school, with all of the educational and support resources that would come along with it.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|date=April 1993|title=The discovery of the hepatitis viruses.|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=104|issue=4|pages=955–63|pmid=8385046|last1=Purcell|first1=RH|doi=10.1016/0016-5085(93)90261-a}}</ref> Others in the medical community spoke out in support of Krugman's research in terms of its widespread benefits and understanding of the hepatitis virus, and Willowbrook continues to be a commonly cited example in debates about medical ethics.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics|last=Emanuel|first=Ezekiel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|pages=80–85}}</ref>