Editing Ferdinand Marcos (section)

===Infrastructure and edifices===
{{Main|Edifice complex}}
[[File:Dagupan Bus Aircon at NLEX 1999 - Flickr.jpg|thumb|A 1999 view of the [[San Fernando, Pampanga|San Fernando]] segment of [[North Luzon Expressway]], one of Marcos's infrastructure projects]]

Marcos projected himself to the public as building vast construction projects, and his record upholds that reputation.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />{{rp|page=128}} A 2011 study Marcos was the president who spent the most on infrastructure in terms of annual spending.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.econ.upd.edu.ph/dp/index.php/dp/article/viewFile/679/144 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408140742/http://www.econ.upd.edu.ph/dp/index.php/dp/article/viewFile/679/144 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |title=The Economic Legacy of Marcos |last=Sicat|first=Gerardo P. |journal=Discussion Paper|publisher=University of the Philippines School of Economics|date=November 2011}}</ref> Most of these projects were paid with foreign currency loans<ref name="theMarcosDebt">{{cite news |author=Eduardo C. Tadem |date=November 24, 2016 |title=The Marcos debt |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/99481/the-marcos-debt |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref><ref name="theEdificeComplex" /> at great cost to taxpayers.<ref name="gma7edifice" /><ref name="Romero2008" />{{rp|page=89}}

Projects included hospitals<ref>{{cite web |last=Arillo |first=Cecilio |date=November 13, 2015 |title=Marcos's unmatched legacy: Hospitals, schools and other infrastructures |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/marcoss-unmatched-legacy-hospitals-schools-and-other-infrastructures/ |website=[[BusinessMirror]]}}</ref> such as the [[Philippine Heart Center]], [[Lung Center of the Philippines|Lung Center]], and [[National Kidney and Transplant Institute|Kidney Center]], transportation infrastructure like [[San Juanico Bridge]] (formerly Marcos Bridge), [[Pan-Philippine Highway]], North Luzon Expressway, South Luzon Expressway,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pncc.ph/projects_slex.htm|title=PNCC::dot::Ph|website=www.pncc.ph}}</ref> and [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1|Manila Light Rail Transit (LRT)]]. Cultural and heritage sites included the Cultural Center of the Philippines], Nayong Pilipino, [[Philippine International Convention Center]] and the ill-fated Manila Film Center were built as well.

This focus on infrastructure eventually earned the label "edifice complex".<ref name="theEdificeComplex">{{cite book|title=The Edifice Complex: How the Rich and Powerful Shape the World|last=Sudjic|first=Deyan|publisher=The Penguin Press HC|date=November 3, 2015|isbn=978-1-59420-068-7|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=dkMWqPgjvFIC|page=139}}}}</ref><ref name="gma7edifice">{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/274389/lifestyle/healthandwellness/masagana-99-nutribun-and-imelda-s-edifice-complex-of-hospitals|title=Masagana 99, Nutribun, and Imelda's 'edifice complex' of hospitals|date=September 20, 2012|last1=Lapeña|first1=Carmela G.|last2=Arquiza|first2=Yasmin D.|work=GMA News}}</ref><ref name="Lico2003" />

Marcos' spending on construction has been claimed to be intended to position Imelda Marcos as a patron of the arts.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch12">{{Cite book |title=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. |publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited |year=1998 |editor-last=Magno |editor-first=Alexander R. |location=Hong Kong |chapter=Life Under Marcos}}</ref>{{rp|page=169}} This effort was so large that by 1977–1980, projects in the "conspicuous capital outlays" category had ballooned from a negligible amount to 20% of the Philippines' capital outlays.<ref name="Romero2008">{{Cite book |last=Romero |first=Jose V. |title=Philippine Political Economy Volume 2: The Marcos Years (1965–1986) |publisher=Central Book Supply |year=2008 |isbn=978-971-691-889-2 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |oclc=302100329 |author-link=Jose V. Romero Jr.}}</ref>{{rp|pages="88–89"}}

These projects were typically constructed on a rush basis,<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch12" />{{rp|page=169}} often compromising structural safety.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Afinidad-Bernardo |first=Deni Rose M. |title=Edifice complex: 31 years of amnesia |url=https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/building-spree |access-date=April 18, 2019 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>

The most controversial projects included

* [[CCP Complex|Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Complex]], a 77-hectare<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pea.gov.ph/13-bay-city/24-cultural-center-of-the-philippines|title=Cultural Center of the Philippines|website=PEA |access-date=April 18, 2019|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121071019/http://www.pea.gov.ph/13-bay-city/24-cultural-center-of-the-philippines|url-status=dead}}</ref> reclaimed property in Pasay.<ref name=":3" /> He appointed a seven-member board of trustees, who elected Imelda as its chair.<ref name=":3" /> The budget grew from P15 million to P63 million.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://business.inquirer.net/236962/imelda-marcos-edifice-complex|title=Imelda Marcos and her 'edifice complex'|last=de Villa|first=Kathleen |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref>
* The San Juanico Bridge is part of the Pan-Philippine Highway and links the provinces of [[Leyte]] and [[Samar (province)|Samar]]. At {{convert|2.16|km}} in length, it is the Philippines longest bridge over water.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1006186|title=San Juanico, Eastern Visayas' iconic bridge, to be lit up by end of 2018 |author=TIEZA |date=March 22, 2018 |work=Philippine Information Agency|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> Construction began in 1969. It was inaugurated on July 2, 1973, in time for Imelda Marcos's birthday. The $22 million construction cost was acquired through Japanese Official Development Assistance loans.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://pcij.org/stories/7-in-10-oda-projects-fail-to-deliver-touted-benefits/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012170044/http://pcij.org/stories/7-in-10-oda-projects-fail-to-deliver-touted-benefits/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2009|title=7 in 10 ODA projects fail to deliver touted benefits |work=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism |last=Lingin|first=Roel R. |access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref>
* The Manila Film Center began construction in January 1981 and cost $25 million.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Manahan |first=Tats |url=http://rogue.ph/enduring-nightmare-manila-film-center/ |title=The enduring nightmare of the Manila Film Center |website=rogue.ph |date=November 2015|access-date=April 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092239/http://rogue.ph/enduring-nightmare-manila-film-center/ |archive-date=November 22, 2018}}</ref> To meet the January 1982 deadline for the Manila International Film Festival, 4,000 workers were employed to work three 24-hour nonstop shifts. The lobby was constructed in 72 hours by 1,000 workers.<ref name=":4" /> A scaffolding collapsed on November 17, 1981, killing multiple workers. Rescuers and ambulances were kept away for 9 hours after the incident.<ref name=":4" />

Marcos's signature agricultural program, [[Masagana 99]], launched on May 21, 1973,<ref name="Bettina">{{Cite news |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/video/news/10/26/16/farmers-oppose-revival-of-marcos-masagana-99 |title=Farmers oppose revival of Marcos' 'Masagana 99' |last=Magsaysay |first=Bettina |work=ABS-CBN News |date=October 27, 2016|access-date=September 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name="GovPH-PD27">{{cite web |title=Presidential Decree No. 27, s. 1972 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/10/21/presidential-decree-no-27/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|access-date=June 2, 2020 |date=October 21, 1972}}</ref> to address a rice shortage.<ref name="MiguelPaoloJoelandLarah">{{Cite news |last1=Reyes |first1=Miguel Paolo P. |last2=Ariate | first2=Joel F. Jr. |last3=Del Mundo |first3=Lara Vinda |title='Success' of Masagana 99 all in Imee's head – UP researchers |publisher=Vera Files |url=https://www.verafiles.org/articles/success-masagana-99-all-imees-head-researchers |url-status=live |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524143622/https://www.verafiles.org/articles/success-masagana-99-all-imees-head-researchers |archive-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref> Its goal was to raise yield from 40 to 99 cavans (4.4 tons) per hectare.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Kenneth|date=1989|title=Palay, Policy, and Public Administration: The 'Masagana 99' Program Revisited|journal=Philippine Journal of Public Administration|volume=XXXIII|issue=1|pages=69–71}}</ref> The program pushed farmers to use high-yield seeds, fertilizer, and herbicides.<ref name="MiguelPaoloJoelandLarah" /> Initial success came from encouraging farmers to plant "Miracle Rice" (IR8),<ref name="Rowlatt20161201">{{Cite news |last=Rowlatt |first=Justin |date=December 1, 2016 |title=IR8: The miracle rice which saved millions of lives |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-38156350 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |work=BBC News}}</ref> which funded by the [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller]] and [[Ford Foundation|Ford]] foundations, and the [[UP College of Agriculture]] through IRRI,<ref name="Chandler1992">{{Cite book |url=http://books.irri.org/9711040638_content.pdf |title=An Adventure in Applied Science: A History of the International Rice Research Institute |last=Chandler |first=Robert Flint |publisher=International Rice Research Institute |year=1982 |isbn=9789711040635}}</ref>{{rp|page=7}} which had been under development since 1962.<ref name="BillGanzel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/crops_17.html |title=The Development of "Miracle Rice" Varieties |last=Ganzel |first=Bill |date=2007 |website=Wessels Living History Farm |publisher=Ganzel Group |access-date=September 19, 2017 |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605030808/http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/crops_17.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> This increased rice production from 3.7 to 7.7&nbsp;million tons in two decades and made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/13472/en |title=Rice paddies |publisher=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture |access-date=March 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121004605/http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/13472/en|archive-date=January 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900147,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904234658/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900147,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 4, 2007 |title=Agronomy: Rice of the Gods |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=June 14, 1968 |access-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> The required switch to IR8 required more fertilizers and pesticides, helping multinationals, but not small, peasant farmers who often remained in poverty.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nadeau, Kathleen M.|title=Liberation theology in the Philippines: faith in a revolution|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| year=2002| isbn=978-0-275-97198-4| page=21 | url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=kAINJWo4IJ4C|page=21}}}}</ref>

Although Masagana 99 showed promising results, the years from 1965 to 1986 showed a complete paradox of events. The income per capita rose, the economy was growing, yet people were impoverished. The American economist [[James K. Boyce]] refers to his as an example of "immiserizing growth", when economic growth, and political and social conditions, are such that the rich get absolutely richer and the poor become absolutely poorer.<ref name="Marcos' Green Revolution">{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/marcos-green-revolution/246377/|title=Marcos' Green Revolution|date=February 22, 2016|work=The Manila Times|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2020}} The World Bank reported that crops (rice, corn, coconut, sugar), livestock and poultry and fisheries grew at an average rate of 6.8%, 3% and 4.5%, respectively from 1970 to 1980, and while the forestry sector declined by an annual average rate of 4.4% through the 1970s.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/Habito-word.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127005901/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/Habito-word.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 27, 2009|title=Philippine Agriculture over the Years: Performance, Policies and Pitfalls|author1=Cielito F. Habito |author2=Roehlano M. Briones|publisher=World Bank|access-date=July 22, 2017}}</ref>