Editing Zooarchaeology (section)

===Genetic analysis===
[[Genetics|Genetic analysis]] using [[ancient DNA]] is an important tool used by zooarchaeologists. Genetic history of an animal can give information on population movement over time and environmental adaptations necessary to live in an area.<ref name="Kaestle">{{cite journal |last1=Kaestle |first1=Frederika A. |last2=Horsburgh |first2=K. Ann |title=Ancient DNA in Anthropology: Methods, Applications, and Ethics |journal=Yearbook of Physical Anthropology |date=2002 |volume=45 |pages=92–130|doi=10.1002/ajpa.10179 |pmid=12653310 |doi-access= }}</ref>{{rp|103}} It can also give context to how animals may or may not have been domesticated over time by a group of people.<ref name="Kaestle" />{{rp|104}} Ancient DNA is critical to the genetic analysis of animals remains. Whereas modern DNA has very long fragments in samples, ancient DNA has very short fragments, making it very easily contaminated.<ref name="Kaestle" />{{rp|94}} The extraction and sampling of ancient DNA requires highly specialized training, as well as intensive protocol to prevent it from being contaminated by modern DNA.<ref name="Lee">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Esther J. |last2=Merriwether |first2=D. Andrew |last3=Kasparov |first3=Alexei K. |last4=Nikolskiy |first4=Pavel A. |last5=Sotnikova |first5=Marina V. |last6=Pavlova |first6=Elena Yu |last7=Pitulko |first7=Vladimir V. |title=Ancient DNA Analysis of the Oldest Canid Species from the Siberian Arctic and Genetic Contribution to the Domestic Dog |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2015 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=e0125759 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125759 |pmid=26018528 |pmc=4446326 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025759L |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|5}} The paper :Ancient DNA Analysis of the Oldest Canid Species from the Siberian Arctic and Genetic Contribution to the Domestic Dog" by Lee et al. gives a description of claws and teeth were sampled for ancient DNA. In a facility specially designed for ancient DNA extraction, with the use of [[personal protective equipment]] and regular bleaching of surfaces and tools, the claws and teeth were wiped with bleach to destroy all modern DNA on the surface, and were then drilled into a powder. The DNA fragments were extracted from the bone powder using an ancient DNA extraction protocol. After using several processes to replicate the DNA fragments and verify the results ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] and [[gel electrophoresis]]), the ancient DNA from the bone powder was sequenced and then analyzed.<ref name="Lee" />{{rp|5}}