Editing Zeus (section)

=== Partners before Hera ===
[[File:Jupiter, vermomd als herder, verleidt Mnemosyne, godin van het geheugen Rijksmuseum SK-A-3886.jpeg|right|thumb|''Jupiter, disguised as a shepherd, tempts Mnemosyne'' by [[Jacob de Wit]] (1727)]]
According to Hesiod, Zeus takes [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], one of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], as his first wife. However, when she is about to give birth to a daughter, [[Athena]], he swallows her whole upon the advice of Gaia and Uranus, as it had been foretold that after bearing a daughter, she would give birth to a son, who would overthrow him as king of gods and mortals; it is from this position that Metis gives counsel to Zeus. In time, Athena is born, emerging from Zeus's head, but the foretold son never comes forth.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886&ndash;900]. Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p. 90] points out that the identity of the foretold son's father is not made clear by Hesiod, and suggests, drawing upon a version given by a scholiast on the ''Iliad'' (see below), that a possible interpretation would be that the Cyclops Brontes was the father.</ref> Apollodorus presents a similar version, stating that Metis took many forms in attempting to avoid Zeus's embraces, and that it was Gaia alone who warned Zeus of the son who would overthrow him.<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=metis-bio-1 s.v. Metis]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.6 1.3.6].</ref> According to a fragment likely from the Hesiodic corpus,<ref>Potentially from the ''[[Melampodia]]'' (Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]).</ref> quoted by Chrysippus, it is out of anger at Hera for producing [[Hephaestus]] on her own that Zeus has intercourse with Metis, and then swallows her, thereby giving rise to Athena from himself.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]; [[Hesiod]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-other_fragments/2018/pb_LCL503.391.xml fr. 294 Most, pp. 390&ndash;3] [= fr. 343 Merkelbach-West, p. 171 = [[Chrysippus]] [https://archive.org/details/stoicorumveterum02arniuoft/page/256/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 908 Arnim, p. 257] = [[Galen]], ''On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato'' [https://archive.org/details/ondoctrinesofhip0000gale/page/226/mode/2up?view=theater 3.8.11&ndash;4 (p. 226)]].</ref> A scholiast on the ''[[Iliad]]'', in contrast, states that when Zeus swallows her, Metis is pregnant with Athena not by Zeus himself, but by the Cyclops Brontes.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 p. 89]; Scholia bT on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', 8.39 (Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 p. 89]).</ref> The motif of Zeus swallowing Metis can be seen as a continuation of the succession myth: it is prophesied that a son of Zeus will overthrow him, just as he overthrew his father, but whereas Cronos met his end because he did not swallow the real Zeus, Zeus holds onto his power because he successfully swallows the threat, in the form of the potential mother, and so the "cycle of displacement" is brought to an end.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]. Compare with Gantz, p. 51, who sees the myth as a conflation of three separate elements: one in which Athena is born from Zeus's head, one in which Zeus consumes Metis so as to obtain her wisdom, and one in which he swallows her so as to avoid the threat of the prophesied son.</ref> In addition, the myth can be seen as an allegory for Zeus gaining the wisdom of Metis for himself by swallowing her.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77&ndash;8]; see also Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p. 90].</ref>

In Hesiod's account, Zeus's second wife is [[Themis]], one of the Titan daughters of Uranus and Gaia, with whom he has the [[Horae]], listed as [[Eunomia]], [[Dike (mythology)|Dike]] and [[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]], and the three [[Moirai]]: [[Clotho]], [[Lachesis (mythology)|Lachesis]] and [[Atropos]].<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901&ndash;6]. Earlier, at [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 217], Hesiod instead calls the Moirai daughters of Nyx.</ref> A fragment from [[Pindar]] calls Themis Zeus's first wife, and states that she is brought by the Moirai (in this version not her daughters) up to Olympus, where she becomes the bride of Zeus and bears him the Horae.<ref>Gantz, p. 52; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Pindar]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.237.xml fr. 30 Race, pp. 236, 237] [= [[Clement of Alexandria]], ''[[Stromata]]'' 5.14.137.1].</ref> According to Hesiod, Zeus lies next with the Oceanid [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]], by whom he becomes the father of the three [[Charites]]: [[Aglaia (Grace)|Aglaea]], [[Euphrosyne]] and [[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]].<ref>Gantz, p. 54; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 907&ndash;11].</ref> Zeus then partners with his sister [[Demeter]], producing [[Persephone]].<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/68/mode/2up?view=theater p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912&ndash;4].</ref> Zeus's next union is with the Titan [[Mnemosyne]]; as described at the beginning of the ''Theogony'', Zeus lies with Mnemosyne in [[Pieria (regional unit)|Piera]] each night for nine nights, producing the nine Muses.<ref>Gantz, p. 54; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:53-62 53&ndash;62], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 915&ndash;7].</ref> His next partner is the Titan [[Leto]], by whom he fathers the twins [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]], who, according to the ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Apollo'', are born on the island of [[Delos]].<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 918&ndash;20]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Apollo]]'' (3), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:89-130 89&ndash;123]. The account given by the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'' differs from Hesiod's version in that Zeus and Hera are already married when Apollo and Artemis are born (Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 18).</ref> In Hesiod's account, only then does Zeus take his sister [[Hera]] as his wife.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921].</ref>

{{chart top|Children of Zeus and his partners before Hera<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' 886&ndash;920 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml pp. 74&ndash;77]); Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/10/mode/2up?view=theater p. 11, table 14].</ref>}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart}}
{{chart|ZEU|7|ZEU='''ZEUS'''}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|y|~|~|~|MET|MET=[[Metis (mythology)|Metis]]<ref name="www.loebclassics.com">One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 358].</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |:| |ATH|ATH=[[Athena]]<ref>Of Zeus's children by his partners before Hera, Athena was the first to be conceived ([https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml 889]), but the last to be born. Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head" ([https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml 924]).</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|THE|THE=[[Themis]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | |:| |EUN| |DIK | |EIR | | |CLO | |LAC | |ATR | |EUN=[[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]]|DIK=[[Dike (mythology)|Dike]]|EIR=[[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]]|CLO=[[Clotho]]|LAC=[[Lachesis (mythology)|Lachesis]]|ATR=[[Atropos]]}}
{{chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|HOR |~|~|~|~|J|L|~|~|~|~|MOI|~|~|~|~|J|HOR=<small>The [[Horae]]</small>|MOI=<small>The [[Moirai]]</small><ref>At [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 217] the Moirai are the daughters of Nyx.</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |:}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|EUR | | | | | |F|~|~|y|DEM |EUR=[[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]]<ref name="www.loebclassics.com">One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 358].</ref>|DEM=[[Demeter]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |:| | |!|}}
{{chart| | | |:| |AGL| |EUP | |THA | | |:| |PER|AGL=[[Aglaia (Grace)|Aglaea]]|EUP=[[Euphrosyne (mythology)|Euphrosyne]]|THA=[[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]]|PER=[[Persephone]]}}
{{chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|CHA |~|~|~|~|J| |:|CHA=<small>The [[Charites]]</small>}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|MNE|MNE=[[Mnemosyne]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|.}}
{{chart| | | |:| |CLI|!|THA |!|TER |!|POL |!|CAL |CLI=[[Clio]]|THA=[[Thalia (Muse)|Thaleia]]|TER=[[Terpsichore]]|POL=[[Polyhymnia]]|CAL=[[Calliope]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!}}
{{chart| | | |:| | | |EUT| |MEL| |ERA | |URA |EUT=[[Euterpe]]|MEL=[[Melpomene]]|ERA=[[Erato]]|URA=[[Urania]]|}}
{{chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|MUS |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J|MUS=<small>The [[Muses]]</small>}}
{{chart| | | |:}}
{{chart| | | |L|~|~|~|y|~|~|LET |LET=[[Leto]]}}
{{chart| | | | | | |,|^|-|-|.|}}
{{chart| | | | | |APO | |ART |APO=[[Apollo]]|ART=[[Artemis]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}