Editing Zebu (section)

==Breeds and hybrids==
Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including Pakistan, India, [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]] and China. In Asia, taurine cattle are mainly found in the northern regions such as [[Japan]], [[Korea]], northern China and [[Mongolia]]. In China, taurine cattle are most common in northern breeds, zebu more common in southern breeds, with hybrids in between.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cai |first1=Dawei |last2=Sun |first2=Yang |last3=Tang |first3=Zhuowei |last4=Hu |first4=Songmei |last5=Li |first5=Wenying |last6=Zhao |first6=Xingbo |last7=Xiang |first7=Hai |last8=Zhou |first8=Hui |title=The origins of Chinese domestic cattle as revealed by ancient DNA analysis |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=January 2014 |volume=41 |pages=423–434 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.09.003 |bibcode=2014JArSc..41..423C }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Komosińska |first1=Halina |last2=Podsiadło |first2=Elżbieta |title=Ssaki kopytne: przewodnik |trans-title=Hoofed mammals: a guide |date=2002 |publisher=Wydaw. Naukowe PWN |isbn=978-83-01-13806-6 |location=Warszawa |language=pl |oclc=749423644 }}{{page needed|date=July 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Zébus de Madagascar 02.jpg|thumb|Zebu market in [[Madagascar]]]]

Geneticists at the [[International Livestock Research Institute |International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)]] in Nairobi, Kenya and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia discovered that cattle had been domesticated in Africa independently of domestication in the Near East. They concluded that the southern African cattle populations derive originally from East Africa rather than from a southbound migration of taurine cattle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hanotte |first1=Olivier |last2=Bradley |first2=Daniel G. |last3=Ochieng |first3=Joel W. |last4=Verjee |first4=Yasmin |last5=Hill |first5=Emmeline W. |last6=Rege |first6=J. Edward O. |title=African Pastoralism: Genetic Imprints of Origins and Migrations |journal=Science |date=12 April 2002 |volume=296 |issue=5566 |pages=336–339 |doi=10.1126/science.1069878 |pmid=11951043 |bibcode=2002Sci...296..336H }}</ref> The results are inconclusive as to whether domestication occurred first in Africa or the Near East.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stokstad |first1=Erik |title=Early Cowboys Herded Cattle in Africa |journal=Science |date=12 April 2002 |volume=296 |issue=5566 |pages=236 |doi=10.1126/science.296.5566.236a |pmid=11951007 }}</ref>

[[Sanga cattle]] breeds is considered to  have originated from hybridization of zebu with taurine cattle <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mwai |first1=Okeyo |last2=Hanotte |first2=Olivier |last3=Kwon |first3=Young-Jun |last4=Cho |first4=Seoae |date=July 2015 |title=- Invited Review - African Indigenous Cattle: Unique Genetic Resources in a Rapidly Changing World |journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences |language=English |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=911–921 |doi=10.5713/ajas.15.0002R |issn=1011-2367 |pmc=4478499 |pmid=26104394}}</ref> leading to the [[Afrikaner cattle|Afrikaner]], [[Red Fulani cattle|Red Fulani]], [[Ankole (cattle)|Ankole]], [[Boran cattle|Boran]] and [[Sanga cattle#Breeds of Sanga cattle|many other]] breeds.

Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between African and Indian breeds.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
<!-- |+ class="nowrap" --> | List of widely distributed zebu breeds
|-
| {{ulist |[[Gyr cattle|Gyr]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://butlerfarms.us/gyr-cattle/ |title = Butler farms - Gyr Cattle}}</ref> |[[Kankrej cattle and Guzerat cattle|Kankrej and Guzerat]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://breeds.okstate.edu/cattle/kankrej-cattle.html |title = Breeds of livestock - Kankrej Cattle| date=28 April 2021 }}</ref> |[[Indo-Brazilian cattle|Indo-Brazilian]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://butlerfarms.us/indu-brasil-cattle/|title = Butler farms - Indu Brasil Cattle}}</ref> |[[Brahman (cattle)|Brahman]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/breeding/beef-cattle-breeds/brahman |title = Cattle Breeds-Brahman| date=2024 }}</ref> |[[Sibi bhagnari|Sibi Bhagnari]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338790137|title = Beef breeds of Pakistan}}</ref> |[[White Nukra]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232016637 |title = White Fulani cattle of West and Central Africa}}</ref> |[[Cholistani (cattle)|Cholistani]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pakdairyinfo.com/cholistani.htm |title = Cholistani Cattle}}</ref>|[[Dhanni (cattle)|Dhanni]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.fao.org/4/an469e/an469e.pdf |title = Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan}}</ref>|[[Lohani cattle|Lohani]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.fao.org/4/an469e/an469e.pdf |title = Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan}}</ref>|[[Nelore]] |[[Ongole cattle|Ongole]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.fao.org/4/an469e/an469e.pdf  |title = Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan}}</ref> |[[Sahiwal cattle|Sahiwal]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.fao.org/4/an469e/an469e.pdf  |title = Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan}}</ref>|[[Red Sindhi cattle|Red Sindhi]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.fao.org/4/an469e/an469e.pdf |title = Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan}}</ref>|[[Butana and Kenana cattle|Butana and Kenana]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title = Signatures of positive selection in African Butana and Kenana dairy zebu cattle| date=2018 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0190446 | doi-access=free | last1=Bahbahani | first1=Hussain | last2=Salim | first2=Bashir | last3=Almathen | first3=Faisal | last4=Al Enezi | first4=Fahad | last5=Mwacharo | first5=Joram M. | last6=Hanotte | first6=Olivier | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=e0190446 | pmid=29300786 | pmc=5754058 | bibcode=2018PLoSO..1390446B }}</ref>|[[Baggara cattle|Baggara]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301540790|title = Phenotypic Characterization of Sudan Zebu Cattle (Baggara Type)}}</ref> |[[Tharparkar cattle|Tharparkar]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.fao.org/4/an469e/an469e.pdf |title = Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan}}</ref>|[[Kangayam cattle|Kangayam]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.fao.org/4/an469e/an469e.pdf |title = Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan}}</ref> |[[Southern Yellow cattle|Southern Yellow]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1= Yu-Chun |last2=Cao |first2=Hong-He |url=https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=7693|title=Diversity of Chinese yellow cattle breeds and their conservation |journal=Biodiversity Science |year=2001 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=275–283 |publisher=[[Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences]] |doi= 10.17520/biods.2001042 |issn=1005-0094 |quote=zebu sinesis }} note: PDF download</ref>|[[Kedah-Kelantan|Kedah Kelantan]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26591189|title = Effect of Malaysian Zebu Cattle (Kedah-Kelantan) and their European Crosses on the Tick Biological Parameters Following Repeated Experimental Infestations}}</ref>|[[Local Indian Dairy (LID)|Local Indian Dairy]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://jtafs.mardi.gov.my/jtafs/17-1/Distribution%20and%20production.pdf|title = Distribution and production characteristics of Friesian crossbred cattle in Malaysia}}</ref> 
|-
|}

[[File:Hariana_02.JPG|thumbnail|[[Haryanvi cattle|Hariana breed]] of zebu type cattle in north [[India]]]]
Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the [[Haryanvi cattle|Hariana]] from [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Porter, V. |year=1991 |title=Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World |location=London |publisher=Helm |chapter=Hariana — India: Haryana, eastern Punjab |page=245 |chapter-url= |isbn=0-8160-2640-8}}</ref> or the [[Rathi cattle|Rath]] from [[Alwar district]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Porter, V. |year=1991 |title=Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World |location=London |publisher=Helm |chapter=Rath — India: Alwar and eastern Rajasthan |page=246 |isbn=0-8160-2640-8}}</ref>

Zebu, which are adapted to [[tropics|high temperatures]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/07/food-ark/cattle-breeds#/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625102109/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/07/food-ark/cattle-breeds#/1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 25, 2011 |title=Food Ark - Cattle Breeds - Pictures, More From National Geographic Magazine |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{unreliable source?|date=July 2024}}</ref> were imported into [[Brazil]] in the early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil as they were considered "ecological" since {{clarify |text=they could graze on natural grasses |pre-text=Is there a [[ruminant]] that can't?|date=September 2023}} and their meat was lean and without chemical residues.{{undefined|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilcox |first1=R.W. |chapter=Zebu's Elbows: Cattle Breeding the Environment in Central Brazil, 1890-1960 |pages=218–246 |editor1-last=Brannstrom |editor1-first=Christian |title=Territories, Commodities and Knowledges: Latin American Environmental History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |date=2004 |publisher=Institute for the Study of the Americas |isbn=978-1-900039-57-4 }}</ref>

In the early 20th century in Brazil, Zebu were crossbred with [[Charolais cattle]], a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the [[Canchim]]. It has a better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat. Another Charolais cross-breed with Brahmans is called [[Australian Charbray]] and is recognised as a breed in some countries.

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
From the 1960s onwards, [[Nelore]] which is an off breed of [[Ongole Cattle]] became the primary breed of [[cattle]] in Brazil because of its hardiness, heat-resistance, and because it thrives on poor-quality forage and breeds easily, with the calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive. Currently more than 80% of [[beef cattle]] in Brazil (approximately 167,000,000 animals) are either purebred or hybrid [[Ongole Cattle]] which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh.