Editing Yucatán (section)

=== Yucatán in independent Mexico ===
{{Main|Mexican War of Independence}}
[[File:Political divisions of Mexico 1824 (location map scheme).svg|thumb|right|Yucatán in Mexico, 1824]]
Because of its geographical remoteness from the center of [[New Spain]], especially from [[Mexico City]], Yucatán was not militarily affected by the Mexican War of Independence, though the influence was felt in other ways. In 1820 Lorenzo de Zavala, member of Sanjuanistas (a group of creoles who met at the church of San Juan in downtown Mérida), created the ''Patriotic Confederation'', which eventually divided into two groups: the supporters of the Spanish government under the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Cádiz Constitution]] and another led by Zavala, which sought outright independence from Spain. Mariano Carrillo Albornoz then Governor of Yucatán, sent Zavala and Manuel García Sosa as deputies of the [[Cortes of Cádiz]] to [[Madrid]], while the other liberals were imprisoned. While this was happening in Yucatán, the [[Plan of Iguala]] was proclaimed in the current state of [[Guerrero]] (at that time part of the Intendency of Mexico).

On September 15, 1821, in the Hall of Councils of the City of Mérida, Yucatán declared its independence from Spain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Datos de Interes |url=http://www.merida.gob.mx/historia/datos.html |language=es |access-date=April 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104004/http://www.merida.gob.mx/historia/datos.html |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Almost immediately, Governor Juan María Echeverri sent two representatives to negotiate the incorporation of Yucatán into the [[First Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]]. The incorporation took place on November 2, 1821.<ref>Jaime Oroza Diaz (1982) ''Historia de Yucatán'', Ed. UADY, {{ISBN|968-6160-00-0}}</ref>

==== Republic of Yucatán ====
{{Main|Republic of Yucatán}}
The Mexican Empire was quickly overthrown (1823) under the [[Plan of Casa Mata]], and the provinces of the erstwhile empire became independent states. The first Republic of Yucatán, declared on May 29, 1823, joined the Federal Republic of the [[United Mexican States]] as the '''Federated Republic of Yucatán''' on December 23, 1823.<ref name=diputaciones>{{cite news |title=Las Diputaciones Provinciales |url=http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/6/2920/11.pdf |page=15 |language=es |access-date=April 11, 2011 |archive-date=May 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528111641/http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/6/2920/11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=La Historia de la República de Yucatán |url=http://www.sobrino.net/Dzidzantun/la_historia_de_la_rep_yuc.htm |language=es |access-date=October 31, 2010 |archive-date=June 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606142635/http://www.sobrino.net/Dzidzantun/la_historia_de_la_rep_yuc.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=La Diputación Provincial y el Federalismo Mexicano |isbn=9789681205867 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_GK_-6deKIC&q=22%20De%20Mayo%20De%201824%20durango&pg=PA227 |language=es |last1=Benson |first1=Nettie Lee |year=1994 |access-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020054309/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_GK_-6deKIC&q=22%20De%20Mayo%20De%201824%20durango&pg=PA227#v=snippet&q=22%20De%20Mayo%20De%201824%20durango&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

The second Republic of Yucatán{{efn|Usually when historians talk about of the Republic of Yucatán, they are talking about the second republic.}} emerged when the federal pact signed by Yucatán and endorsed in the Constitution of Yucatán of 1825 was broken by the [[Centralized government|centralist government]] of Mexico from 1835. In 1841 the state of [[Tabasco]] decreed its separation from Mexico and [[Miguel Barbachano]], then governor of Yucatán, sent a commission headed by [[Justo Sierra O'Reilly]] to meet with Tabasco authorities to propose the creation of an independent federal republic from Mexico formed by the two states. The idea failed when Tabasco rejoined Mexico in 1842.

On August 22, 1846, Mexican interim president [[José Mariano Salas]] restored the [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|1824 constitution]] and federalism. Two years later, during the government of president [[José Joaquín de Herrera]], [[Miguel Barbachano]] ordered the reinstatement of Yucatán to Mexico under the Constitution of Yucatán of 1825. A decisive factor for the reinstatement was the [[Caste War]], which forced Yucatán to seek outside help. In 1852 due to internal struggles between opposing political factions, the ''Territory of Campeche'' was created. On April 29, 1863, during the government of Mexican President [[Benito Juárez]], Campeche gained its current status as an independent state.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEP |url=http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=29&mes=4 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026155634/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=29&mes=4 |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==== Flag of the Republic of Yucatán ====
{{Main|Flag of the Republic of Yucatán}}
[[File:Bandera yucateca en Mérida.png|thumb|[[Flag of the Republic of Yucatán]]]]
The flag of Yucatán was raised on March 16, 1841. The period of the Republic of Yucatán was the only one in which the banner was officially used by the authorities of Yucatán.

[[Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña]], historian, describes the flag of Yucatán: "The flag of Yucatán was divided into two parts: green on left, the right, with three divisions, red up and down and white in the middle. In the green field highlighted, five stars, symbolizing the five departments that Yucatan was divided by decree of November 30, 1840: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Tekax and Campeche."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://especiales.yucatan.com.mx:80/especiales/banderadeyucatan/14090001.asp |title=Las estrellas y la vigencia de la bandera de Yucatán |last=Esquivel |first=Duran |date=2002-09-14 |website=Diario de Yucatán |language=es |trans-title=The Stars and Effect of the Flag of Yucatan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520062633/http://especiales.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/banderadeyucatan/14090001.asp |archive-date=May 20, 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-05-11 |quote=... la bandera yucateca se dividió en dos campos: a la izquierda, uno de color verde, y a la derecha, otro con tres divisiones, de color rojo arriba y abajo y blanco en medio. En el campo o lienzo verde de la bandera se destacaban cinco hermosas estrellas que simbolizaban a los cinco departamentos en que se dividía Yucatán por Decreto del 30 de noviembre de 1840, a saber: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Tekax y Campeche... |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The flag did not have official recognition in the state {{failed verification span|text=until August 2024,|date=August 2024}} however, it maintained a strong recognition among the people of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/banderadeyucatan/14090001.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100225084559/http://www.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/banderadeyucatan/14090001.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 25, 2010 |title=160 aniversario de la Bandera de Yucatán |author=Diario de Yucatán |access-date=August 10, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yucatan.com.mx/vidasocial.asp?cx=4$1306000000$4235820&f=20100130 |title=Buenos Aires City, anfitrión de un evento al estilo de Las Vegas |author=Diario de Yucatán |access-date=August 26, 2010}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==== Caste War ====
{{Main|Caste War of Yucatán}}
The Caste War of Yucatán was a conflict that lasted from 1847 to 1901. It began with the revolt of native Maya people led by Maya chiefs [[Jacinto Pat]] and [[Cecilio Chi]], against the population of European descent called "Yucatecos", who had political and economic control. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces in the north-west of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the south-east. It officially ended with the occupation of the Maya capital of [[Chan Santa Cruz]] by the Mexican army in 1901, although skirmishes with villages and small settlements that refused to acknowledge Mexican control continued for over another decade.

Adam Jones wrote: "This ferocious race war featured genocidal atrocities on both sides, with up to 200,000 killed."<ref>Nicholas A. Robins, Adam Jones (2009). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AX3UCk_PdEwC Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice]''". Indiana University Press. p. 50. {{ISBN|0253220777}}</ref>

Because of the conflict, on November 24, 1902, Yucatán had a second territorial division when [[Porfirio Díaz]] decreed the creation of the '''Federal Territory of Quintana Roo''',<ref name="Yucatán en el tiempo">{{Cite book |last1=Casares G. Cantón, Raúl |title=Yucatán en el tiempo |last2=Duch Colell, Juan |last3=Zavala Vallado, Slvio |year=1998 |isbn=970-9071-04-1 |location=Mérida, Yucatán |author-link3=Silvio Zavala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quintanaroo.gob.mx/qroo/Estado/Historia.php |title=Historia |author=Gobierno del Estado de Quintana Roo |access-date=August 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529005651/http://www.quintanaroo.gob.mx/qroo/Estado/Historia.php |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> with capital in the port of ''Payo Obispo'' (today [[Chetumal]]). In little more than half a century, Yucatán lost more than two thirds of its original territory.

==== The henequen industry ====
{{main|Henequen industry in Yucatán}}
[[File:Plantsisal.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Agave fourcroydes]], commonly known as [[henequén]] in Yucatán, [[sisal]] elsewhere and ''ki'' in [[Yucatec Maya language|Maya language]]]]
In the late 19th century, the henequen industry grew to unprecedented power in the Yucatan. The henequen grown in the Yucatan was used around the world for rope and twine, and became known as sisal rope, named after the seaside town of Sisal, from where the rope was shipped. Today Sisal is a sleepy fishing village, being rediscovered by locals and visitors as a beach location for vacation homes. The henequen industry provided financial autonomy to the isolated Yucatán. The fiber of the [[henequén]] plant (known as ''sosquil'' (maya: ''sos kí'')) was manufactured into twine and rope, used in riggings, string, sacks, rugs, and many other items. It became the chief export item of the Yucatán, making many local families very wealthy. That wealth is today evident in the architecture of the colonial city of Mérida, as well as in the more than 150 haciendas that are spread throughout the Yucatán Peninsula.

[[Koreans in Mexico|Korean immigration]] to Mexico began in 1905. The first Korean migrants settled in Yucatán as workers in henequen plantations. Labour brokers began advertising in newspapers in the Korean port city of [[Incheon]] in 1904 for workers willing to go to Mexico to work on henequen plantations for four- or five-year contracts.{{cn|date=March 2023}} A total of more than one thousand were recruited and departed from Incheon on board a British cargo ship on 4 April 1905, despite efforts by the Korean government to block their departure. Once their contracts were up, most settled in Mexico, either continuing to work on henequen plantations or moving to various cities in the country.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

Hundreds of prosperous [[hacienda]]s abounded in the state until the advent of synthetic products after World War II, the cultivation of henequén in other parts of the world and the self-serving actions of some of the leading henequen-growing families led to the gradual decline of the Yucatan's monopoly on the industry.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

The great influx of wealth during that period from the henequen industry focused mainly on Mérida, the capital of Yucatán State. It allowed the city of Mérida to install [[street light]]s and a tram system even before [[Mexico City]]. It is said that in the early 20th century, the city had the largest number of millionaires per capita in the world. Today, [[Paseo de Montejo]] (inspired by the Parisian avenue [[Champs-Élysées]]), is lined with the elegant houses built during that time. These houses are mostly now renovated and serve as everything from private homes to banks, hotels and restaurants. Many of the haciendas today<ref>{{cite web |last=Fields |first=Ellen |title=Haciendas of the Yucatan |url=http://www.yucatanliving.com/destinations/yucatan-haciendas.htm |work=Yucatan Living |access-date=May 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506005012/http://www.yucatanliving.com/destinations/yucatan-haciendas.htm |archive-date=May 6, 2015 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> have also been renovated and now serve as private homes, event venues and upscale luxury hotels.